(Top) Galaxy assembly bias of the FLAMINGO simulation (dots points) and the empirical models when fitting to the galaxy clustering and galaxy-galaxy lensing predicted by FLAMINGO. From top to bottom, we show the SHAMe predictions for the DESI BGS-like galaxies, the SHAMe predictions for the BOSS-like galaxies, the HOD predictions for the DESI BGS-like galaxies, and the HOD predictions for the BOSS-like galaxies. The shaded region around the solid line represents the 1-σ prediction region for the empirical models, as is explained in Sect. 3.4. (Bottom) Similar to the top panel, but for the halo occupation number.