Testing cosmic anisotropy with Padé approximations and the latest Pantheon+ sample

Open Access

Table 1.

Best-fitting results at the 68 percent confidence level using the Pantheon+ sample under different expansion methods and cosmological models.

Model	H₀	Ω_m	Ω_Λ	w₀	w_a	q₀	j₀	s₀	l₀
	(km s⁻¹ Mpc⁻¹)
Flat ΛCDM	72.84±0.23	0.36±0.02	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Non-flat ΛCDM	72.53 $_{- 0.27}^{+ 0.28}$ $_{-0.27}^{+0.28}$	0.26 $_{- 0.05}^{+ 0.06}$ $_{-0.05}^{+0.06}$	0.48±0.08	–	–	–	–	–	–
wCDM	72.51±0.27	0.21 $_{- 0.08}^{+ 0.10}$ $_{-0.08}^{+0.10}$	–	−0.72 $_{- 0.10}^{+ 0.14}$ $_{-0.10}^{+0.14}$	–	–	–	–	–
CPL	71.95 $_{- 0.42}^{+ 0.38}$ $_{-0.42}^{+0.38}$	0.48 $_{- 0.04}^{+ 0.08}$ $_{-0.04}^{+0.08}$	–	−0.52 $_{- 0.29}^{+ 0.20}$ $_{-0.29}^{+0.20}$	-7.6 $_{- 5.3}^{+ 5.4}$ $_{-5.3}^{+5.4}$	–	–	–	–
R_h = ct	70.63±0.12	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Padé_(2, 1)	72.53±0.28	–	–	–	–	−0.35 $_{- 0.07}^{+ 0.08}$ $_{-0.07}^{+0.08}$	0.43 $_{- 0.56}^{+ 0.38}$ $_{-0.56}^{+0.38}$	–	–
Padé_(2, 1) (j₀ = 1)	72.74±0.22	–	–	–	–	−0.43±0.03	1.0	–	–
Padé_(2, 2)	72.48 $_{- 0.29}^{+ 0.28}$ $^{+0.28}_{-0.29}$	–	–	–	–	−0.33 $_{- 0.09}^{+ 0.09}$ $^{+0.09}_{-0.09}$	0.13 $_{- 0.68}^{+ 0.94}$ $^{+0.94}_{-0.68}$	−0.56 $_{- 0.98}^{+ 2.92}$ $^{+2.92}_{-0.98}$	–
Padé_(3, 2)	72.33 $_{- 0.30}^{+ 0.30}$ $^{+0.30}_{-0.30}$	–	–	–	–	−0.22 $_{- 0.09}^{+ 0.09}$ $^{+0.09}_{-0.09}$	−1.58 $_{- 0.78}^{+ 1.10}$ $^{+1.10}_{-0.78}$	–	–

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