Evolution of the effective gravitational parameter G, Hubble function E(a) = H(a)/H₀, growth factor D(a), and growth rate f(a) = d lnD(a)/d lna from equations (5) and (10) with the scale factor a in the fiducial BD-ΛCDM and GR-ΛCDM cosmologies in Table 2 (equivalent to the transformation in Fig. 5a). The common time of matter-radiation equality is marked by ${\overline{\rho }}_{\mathrm{r}}={\overline{\rho }}_{\mathrm{m}}$.