Mass–radius diagram comparing the data from the PlanetS catalog and the data from NASA Exoplanet Archive to highlight the effects of our selection criteria and our detailed study of references. The gray dots represented the default parameters from NASA, the light blue triangles the same but filtered with our criteria on uncertainties and the blue dots correspond to the PlanetS catalog. The resulting M–R relationships from Sect. 2.2 are shown as solid red lines with the confidence intervals represented by the shaded red areas. The transitions between the three populations are represented by the composition line of 20% water at 650 K from Luo et al. (2024) in dashed orange and the dotted black line at 138 M_⊕.