Modifications of astrophysical ices induced by cosmic rays - I. Water, carbon monoxide, and methanol mixtures

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Fig. 9

Column densities of precursors as a dose function for the $ℐ$ ${\cal S}$ and $V$ ${\cal V}$ models for the sample proportion H₂O:CO:CH₃OH (60:25:15). The chemical modifications cease when D ≤ 10 eV mol⁻¹; while the sputtering yield is continuous over the GCR irradiation. The timescales for values of 200, 600, and 2000 MeV u⁻¹ are shown at the top.

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