Modifications of astrophysical ices induced by cosmic rays - I. Water, carbon monoxide, and methanol mixtures

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Fig. 7

GCR irradiation dose for the $ℐ$ ${\cal S}$ model as a function of time for values of the E₀ parameter in the 100–2000 MeV u⁻¹ range (see Eq. (9)). The shaded areas indicate the extent to which chemical changes occur (D < 10 eVmol⁻¹).

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