Closed-loop residual phase evolution using simulated data at D/r₀ = 150 (top column) and D/r₀ = 15 (bottom row), comparing the linear least-squares estimate for the PyWFS at different modulation levels (M = 3,5 and 12λ/D) against the GCViT estimate for the nonmodulated PyWFS (M = 0). The AO loop is closed at frame 100 using a proportional controller with gain k = 0.5. From left to right: results for different S/N levels. At the top of each plot, we show the residual phase for the different estimation methods at frame 250. The movies are available online.