Torque evolution (left panel), radial torque distribution (middle panel), and cumulative radial torque (right panel). The temporal evolution was smoothed with a Gaussian kernel over ten orbits to make the plot more readable, and the shaded area indicates the spread of the actual samples. In the other panels, the shaded area indicates the standard deviation from the mean, calculated from 1000 samples between orbit 190 and 200. The yellow vertical band marks the extent of the planet’s Hill sphere, and horizontal and vertical dashed lines indicate the zero point and the planet’s location, respectively.