The interplay between forming planets and photoevaporating discs

II. Wind-driven gas redistribution

¹ University Observatory, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 Munich, Germany
e-mail: mweber@usm.lmu.de
² Excellence Cluster ORIGINS, Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany

Received: 13 November 2023
Accepted: 16 February 2024

Abstract

Context. Disc winds and planet–disc interactions are two crucial mechanisms that define the structure, evolution, and dispersal of protoplanetary discs. While winds are capable of removing material from discs, eventually leading to their dispersal, massive planets can shape their disc by creating sub-structures such as gaps and spiral arms.

Aims. We studied the interplay between an X-ray photoevaporative disc wind and the sub-structures generated due to planet–disc interactions to determine how their mutual interactions affect the disc’s and the planet’s evolution.

Methods. We performed 3D hydrodynamic simulations of viscous discs (α = 6.9 × 10⁻⁴) that host a Jupiter-like planet and undergo X-ray photoevaporation. We traced the gas flows within the disc and wind and measured the rate of accretion onto the planet, as well as the gravitational torque that is acting on it.

Results. Our results show that the planetary gap removes the wind’s pressure support, allowing wind material to fall back into the gap. This opens new pathways for material from the inner disc (and part of the outer disc) to be redistributed through the wind towards the gap. Consequently, the gap becomes shallower and the flow of mass across the gap in both directions is significantly increased, as is the planet’s mass-accretion rate (by factors of ≈5 and ≈2, respectively). Moreover, the wind-driven redistribution results in a denser inner disc and a less dense outer disc, which, combined with the recycling of a significant portion of the inner wind, leads to longer lifetimes for the inner disc, contrary to the expectation in a planet-induced photoevaporation scenario that has been proposed in the past.