Schematic of the VENUS setup viewed from above, showing a multi-beam stage with five beam lines (Left, Top, Central, Bottom, and Right beams) for material injection, symmetrically distributed around the central port. The CB and BB are vertically aligned below the TB. Each beam is equipped with a set of diaphragms to collimate the particle stream into the vacuum chambers CH1 and CH2 at pressures of 10⁻⁸ hPa and 10⁻⁹ hPa, respectively. The main chamber (10⁻¹⁰ hPa) houses a gold-plated target for growing the ice samples. Gas-phase species are monitored by a QMS that is placed in front of the sample during TPD analysis. A cryocooler and thermal shield regulate the system’s temperature.