Non-thermal emission in M31 and M33 | Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A)

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Table 1.

M31 radio and γ-ray data.

Frequency	Energy flux	Reference	Frequency	Energy flux	Reference
log(ν/Hz)	log(erg cm⁻² s⁻¹)		log(ν/Hz)	log(erg cm⁻² s⁻¹)
7.538	$- 13 . 498_{- 0.089}^{+ 0.074}$ $-13.498^{+0.074}_{-0.089}$	Dwarakanath & Udaya Shankar (1990)	9.841	$- 13 . 083_{- 0.034}^{+ 0.031}$ $-13.083^{+0.031}_{-0.034}$	Battistelli et al. (2019)
8.611	$- 13 . 124_{- 0.040}^{+ 0.036}$ $-13.124^{+0.036}_{-0.040}$	Haslam et al. (1981)	23.154 ± 0.151	$- 12 . 180_{- 0.228}^{+ 0.149}$ $-12.180^{+0.149}_{-0.228}$	Xing et al. (2023)
9.105	$- 13 . 160_{- 0.034}^{+ 0.032}$ $-13.160^{+0.032}_{-0.034}$	Melis et al. (2018)	23.462 ± 0.151	$- 12 . 387_{- 0.181}^{+ 0.128}$ $-12.387^{+0.128}_{-0.181}$	Xing et al. (2023)
9.152	$- 13 . 125_{- 0.035}^{+ 0.032}$ $-13.125^{+0.032}_{-0.035}$	Reich et al. (2001)	23.770 ± 0.151	$- 12 . 420_{- 0.148}^{+ 0.110}$ $-12.420^{+0.110}_{-0.148}$	Xing et al. (2023)
9.158	$- 13 . 121_{- 0.033}^{+ 0.030}$ $-13.121^{+0.030}_{-0.033}$	Melis et al. (2018)	24.078 ± 0.151	$- 12 . 699_{- 0.260}^{+ 0.161}$ $-12.699^{+0.161}_{-0.260}$	Xing et al. (2023)
9.800	$- 13 . 118_{- 0.031}^{+ 0.032}$ $-13.118^{+0.032}_{-0.031}$	Battistelli et al. (2019)	24.386 ± 0.151	$- 12 . 721_{- 0.434}^{+ 0.213}$ $-12.721^{+0.213}_{-0.434}$	Xing et al. (2023)

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