Modeling the structure of the dayside Venusian ionosphere: Impacts of protonation and Coulomb interaction

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Volume 685 (May 2024)

A&A, 685 (2024) A160

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Table D.1

Compilation of ion chemical pathways^*

Species	Production channels	Destruction channels
Ar⁺	Ar + hv → Ar+ + e (62.3%)	${Ar}^{+} + {CO}_{2} \to {CO}_{2}^{+} + Ar (98.3 %)$ ${\rm{A}}{{\rm{r}}^ + } + {\rm{C}}{{\rm{O}}_2} \to {\rm{CO}}_2^ + + {\rm{Ar}}(98.3\% )$
	Ar + e^* → Ar+ + 2e (37.7%)	Ar⁺ + CO → CO⁺ + Ar (1.2%)

ArH⁺	Ar⁺ + H₂ → ArH+ + H (98.0%)	ArH⁺ + O → OH⁺ + Ar (56.7%)
	$H_{2}^{+} + Ar \to {ArH}^{+} + H (2.0 %)$ ${\rm{H}}_2^ + + {\rm{Ar}} \to {\rm{Ar}}{{\rm{H}}^ + } + {\rm{H}}(2.0\% )$	ArH⁺ + CO₂ → HOCO⁺ + Ar (23.9%)
		ArH⁺ + CO → HCO⁺ + Ar (12.5%)
		ArH⁺ + N₂ → N₂H⁺ + Ar (5.9%)

C⁺	CO₂ + hv → C⁺ + O₂ + e (59.5%)	C⁺ + CO₂ → CO⁺ + CO (89.9%)
	CO₂ + hv → C⁺ + O+(⁴S) + O + 2e (15.0%)	$C^{+} + {CO}_{2} \to {CO}_{2}^{+} + C (10.0 %)$ ${{\rm{C}}^ + } + {\rm{C}}{{\rm{O}}_2} \to {\rm{CO}}_2^ + + {\rm{C}}(10.0\% )$
	CO₂ + e^* → C⁺ + O₂ + 2e (11.9%)
	CO + hv → C⁺ + O + e (5.7%)
	CO + hv → C⁺ + O+(⁴S) + 2e (2.6%)
	$O_{2}^{+} + C \to C^{+} + O_{2} (1.9 %)$ ${\rm{O}}_2^ + + {\rm{C}} \to {{\rm{C}}^ + } + {{\rm{O}}_2}(1.9\% )$
	CO₂ + e^* → C⁺ + O+(⁴S) + O + 3e (1.4%)
	CO + e^* → C⁺ + O + 2e (1.4%)

CH⁺	HCO⁺ + C → CH⁺ + CO (90.8%)	CH⁺ + CO₂ → HCO⁺ + CO (44.0%)
	OH⁺ + C → CH⁺ + O (4.6%)	CH⁺ + O → CO⁺ + H (23.3%)
	C⁺ + H₂ → CH⁺ + H (3.5%)	CH⁺ + O → H⁺ + CO (23.3%)
		CH⁺ + e → C + H (5.7%)
		${CH}^{+} + H_{2} \to {CH}_{2}^{+} + H (1.9 %)$ ${\rm{C}}{{\rm{H}}^ + } + {{\rm{H}}_2} \to {\rm{CH}}_2^ + + {\rm{H}}(1.9\% )$
		CH⁺ + H → C⁺ + H₂ (1.3%)

${CH}_{2}^{+}$ ${\rm{CH}}_2^ +$	${CH}^{+} + H_{2} \to {CH}_{2}^{+} + H (99.9 %)$ ${\rm{C}}{{\rm{H}}^ + } + {{\rm{H}}_2} \to {\rm{CH}}_2^ + + {\rm{H}}(99.9\% )$	${CH}_{2}^{+} + O \to {HCO}^{+} + H (42.5 %)$ ${\rm{CH}}_2^ + + {\rm{O}} \to {\rm{HC}}{{\rm{O}}^ + } + {\rm{H}}(42.5\% )$
		${CH}_{2}^{+} + e \to C + H + H (27.9 %)$ ${\rm{CH}}_2^ + + {\rm{e}} \to {\rm{C}} + {\rm{H}} + {\rm{H}}(27.9\% )$
		${CH}_{2}^{+} + e \to CH + H (11.1 %)$ ${\rm{CH}}_2^ + + {\rm{e}} \to {\rm{CH}} + {\rm{H}}(11.1\% )$
		${CH}_{2}^{+} + H \to {CH}^{+} + H_{2} (6.8 %)$ ${\rm{CH}}_2^ + + {\rm{H}} \to {\rm{C}}{{\rm{H}}^ + } + {{\rm{H}}_2}(6.8\% )$
		${CH}_{2}^{+} + e \to C + H_{2} (5.3 %)$ ${\rm{CH}}_2^ + + {\rm{e}} \to {\rm{C}} + {{\rm{H}}_2}(5.3\% )$
		${CH}_{2}^{+} + H_{2} \to {CH}_{3}^{+} + H (4.5 %)$ ${\rm{CH}}_2^ + + {{\rm{H}}_2} \to {\rm{CH}}_3^ + + {\rm{H}}(4.5\% )$
		${CH}_{2}^{+} + {CO}_{2} \to H_{2} {CO}^{+} + CO (1.6 %)$ ${\rm{CH}}_2^ + + {\rm{C}}{{\rm{O}}_2} \to {{\rm{H}}_2}{\rm{C}}{{\rm{O}}^ + } + {\rm{CO}}(1.6\% )$

CO⁺	CO + hv → CO⁺ + e (32.5%)	${CO}^{+} + {CO}_{2} \to {CO}_{2}^{+} + CO (96.3 %)$ ${\rm{C}}{{\rm{O}}^ + } + {\rm{C}}{{\rm{O}}_2} \to {\rm{CO}}_2^ + + {\rm{CO}}(96.3\% )$
	C⁺ + CO₂ → CO⁺ + CO (20.9%)	CO⁺ + O → O⁺(⁴S) + CO (2.2%)
	CO₂ + hv → CO⁺ + O + e (15.5%)
	CO₂ + hv → CO⁺ + O⁺ + 2e (7.5%)
	CO₂ + e^* → CO⁺ + O + 2e (7.3%)
	O+(²D) + CO → CO+ + O (5.7%)
	CO + e^* → CO⁺ + 2e (4.8%)
	${CO}_{2}^{+} + CO \to {CO}^{+} + {CO}_{2} (1.8 %)$ ${\rm{CO}}_2^ + + {\rm{CO}} \to {\rm{C}}{{\rm{O}}^ + } + {\rm{C}}{{\rm{O}}_2}(1.8\% )$
	O⁺(²P) + CO → CO⁺ + O (1.3%)

${CO}_{2}^{+}$ ${\rm{CO}}_2^ +$	${CO}_{2} + h v \to {CO}_{2}^{+} + e (54.3 %)$ ${\rm{C}}{{\rm{O}}_2} + {\rm{h}}v \to {\rm{CO}}_2^ + + {\rm{e}}(54.3\% )$	${CO}_{2}^{+} + O \to O_{2}^{+} + CO (57.9 %)$ ${\rm{CO}}_2^ + + {\rm{O}} \to {\rm{O}}_2^ + + {\rm{CO}}(57.9\% )$
	${CO}^{+} + {CO}_{2} \to {CO}_{2}^{+} + CO (19.8 %)$ ${\rm{C}}{{\rm{O}}^ + } + {\rm{C}}{{\rm{O}}_2} \to {\rm{CO}}_2^ + + {\rm{CO}}(19.8\% )$	${CO}_{2}^{+} + O \to O^{+} (^{4} S) + {CO}_{2} (33.9 %)$ ${\rm{CO}}_2^ + + {\rm{O}} \to {{\rm{O}}^ + }\left( {^4{\rm{S}}} \right) + {\rm{C}}{{\rm{O}}_2}(33.9\% )$
	${CO}_{2} + e^{} \to {CO}_{2}^{+} + 2 e (14.0 %)$ ${\rm{C}}{{\rm{O}}_2} + {{\rm{e}}^} \to {\rm{CO}}_2^ + + 2{\rm{e}}(14.0\% )$	${CO}_{2}^{+} + e \to CO + O (7.5 %)$ ${\rm{CO}}_2^ + + {\rm{e}} \to {\rm{CO}} + {\rm{O}}(7.5\% )$
	$N_{2}^{+} + {CO}_{2} \to {CO}_{2}^{+} + N_{2} (6.7 %)$ ${\rm{N}}_2^ + + {\rm{C}}{{\rm{O}}_2} \to {\rm{CO}}_2^ + + {{\rm{N}}_2}(6.7\% )$
	$O^{+} (^{2} D) + {CO}_{2} \to {CO}_{2}^{+} + O (3.1 %)$ ${{\rm{O}}^ + }\left( {^2{\rm{D}}} \right) + {\rm{C}}{{\rm{O}}_2} \to {\rm{CO}}_2^ + + {\rm{O}}(3.1\% )$
	$O^{+} (^{2} P) + {CO}_{2} \to {CO}_{2}^{+} + O (1.1 %)$ ${{\rm{O}}^ + }\left( {^2{\rm{P}}} \right) + {\rm{C}}{{\rm{O}}_2} \to {\rm{CO}}_2^ + + {\rm{O}}(1.1\% )$

H+	O⁺(⁴S) + H → H⁺ + O (84.5%)	H+ + O → O+(⁴S) + H (83.9%)
	CO⁺ + H → H⁺ + CO (5.0%)	H⁺ + CO₂ → HCO⁺ + O (16.1%)
	H + hv → H⁺ + e (3.7%)
	${CO}_{2}^{+} + H \to H^{+} + {CO}_{2} (2.9 %)$ ${\rm{CO}}_2^ + + {\rm{H}} \to {{\rm{H}}^ + } + {\rm{C}}{{\rm{O}}_2}(2.9\% )$
	CH⁺ + O → H⁺ + CO (2.5%)

$H_{2}^{+}$ ${\rm{H}}_2^ +$	$H_{2} + h v \to H_{2}^{+} + e (53.9 %)$ ${{\rm{H}}_2} + {\rm{h}}v \to {\rm{H}}_2^ + + {\rm{e}}(53.9\% )$	$H_{2}^{+} + O \to {OH}^{+} + H (58.8 %)$ ${\rm{H}}_2^ + + {\rm{O}} \to {\rm{O}}{{\rm{H}}^ + } + {\rm{H}}(58.8\% )$
	$O^{+} (^{2} D) + H_{2} \to H_{2}^{+} + O (24.2 %)$ ${{\rm{O}}^ + }\left( {^2{\rm{D}}} \right) + {{\rm{H}}_2} \to {\rm{H}}_2^ + + {\rm{O}}(24.2\% )$	$H_{2}^{+} + {CO}_{2} \to {HOCO}^{+} + H (8.2 %)$ ${\rm{H}}_2^ + + {\rm{C}}{{\rm{O}}_2} \to {\rm{HOC}}{{\rm{O}}^ + } + {\rm{H}}(8.2\% )$
	$H_{2} + e^{} \to H_{2}^{+} + 2 e (16.9 %)$ ${{\rm{H}}_2} + {{\rm{e}}^} \to {\rm{H}}_2^ + + 2{\rm{e}}(16.9\% )$	$H_{2}^{+} + H_{2} \to H_{3}^{+} + H (6.6 %)$ ${\rm{H}}_2^ + + {{\rm{H}}_2} \to {\rm{H}}_3^ + + {\rm{H}}(6.6\% )$
	$O^{+} (^{2} P) + H_{2} \to H_{2}^{+} + O (3.8 %)$ ${{\rm{O}}^ + }\left( {^2{\rm{P}}} \right) + {{\rm{H}}_2} \to {\rm{H}}_2^ + + {\rm{O}}(3.8\% )$	$H_{2}^{+} + CO \to {HCO}^{+} + H (5.9 %)$ ${\rm{H}}_2^ + + {\rm{CO}} \to {\rm{HC}}{{\rm{O}}^ + } + {\rm{H}}(5.9\% )$
		$H_{2}^{+} + {CO}_{2} \to {CO}_{2}^{+} + H_{2} (4.9 %)$ ${\rm{H}}_2^ + + {\rm{C}}{{\rm{O}}_2} \to {\rm{CO}}_2^ + + {{\rm{H}}_2}(4.9\% )$
		$H_{2}^{+} + {CO}_{2} \to {CO}^{+} + H_{2} O (4.9 %)$ ${\rm{H}}_2^ + + {\rm{C}}{{\rm{O}}_2} \to {\rm{C}}{{\rm{O}}^ + } + {{\rm{H}}_2}{\rm{O}}(4.9\% )$
		$H_{2}^{+} + H \to H^{+} + H_{2} (3.1 %)$ ${\rm{H}}_2^ + + {\rm{H}} \to {{\rm{H}}^ + } + {{\rm{H}}_2}(3.1\% )$
		$H_{2}^{+} + N_{2} \to N_{2} H^{+} + H (2.7 %)$ ${\rm{H}}_2^ + + {{\rm{N}}_2} \to {{\rm{N}}_2}{{\rm{H}}^ + } + {\rm{H}}(2.7\% )$
		$H_{2}^{+} + e \to H + H (1.4 %)$ ${\rm{H}}_2^ + + {\rm{e}} \to {\rm{H}} + {\rm{H}}(1.4\% )$
		$H_{2}^{+} + CO \to {CO}^{+} + H_{2} (1.3 %)$ ${\rm{H}}_2^ + + {\rm{CO}} \to {\rm{C}}{{\rm{O}}^ + } + {{\rm{H}}_2}(1.3\% )$
		$H_{2}^{+} + He \to {HeH}^{+} + H (1.3 %)$ ${\rm{H}}_2^ + + {\rm{He}} \to {\rm{He}}{{\rm{H}}^ + } + {\rm{H}}(1.3\% )$
H₂O⁺	OH⁺ + H₂ → H₂O⁺ + H (99.0%)	H₂O⁺ + e → O + H + H (61.2%)
	$H_{3}^{+} + O \to H_{2} O^{+} + H (1.0 %)$ ${\rm{H}}_3^ + + {\rm{O}} \to {{\rm{H}}_2}{{\rm{O}}^ + } + {\rm{H}}(1.0\% )$	H₂O⁺ + e → OH + H (17.3%)
		H₂O⁺ + e → H₂ + O (7.8%)
		H₂O⁺ + H₂ → H₃O⁺ + H (6.7%)
		$H_{2} O^{+} + O \to O_{2}^{+} + H_{2} (5.3 %)$ ${{\rm{H}}_2}{{\rm{O}}^ + } + {\rm{O}} \to {\rm{O}}_2^ + + {{\rm{H}}_2}(5.3\% )$
		H₂O⁺ + CO → HCO⁺ + OH (1.3%)

$H_{3}^{+}$ ${\rm{H}}_3^ +$	$H_{2}^{+} + H_{2} \to H_{3}^{+} + H (46.2 %)$ ${\rm{H}}_2^ + + {{\rm{H}}_2} \to {\rm{H}}_3^ + + {\rm{H}}(46.2\% )$	$H_{3}^{+} + O \to {OH}^{+} + H_{2} (55.0 %)$ ${\rm{H}}_3^ + + {\rm{O}} \to {\rm{O}}{{\rm{H}}^ + } + {{\rm{H}}_2}(55.0\% )$
	${HOC}^{+} + H_{2} \to H_{3}^{+} + CO (46.0 %)$ ${\rm{HO}}{{\rm{C}}^ + } + {{\rm{H}}_2} \to {\rm{H}}_3^ + + {\rm{CO}}(46.0\% )$	$H_{3}^{+} + O \to H_{2} O^{+} + H (23.6 %)$ ${\rm{H}}_3^ + + {\rm{O}} \to {{\rm{H}}_2}{{\rm{O}}^ + } + {\rm{H}}(23.6\% )$
	${HeH}^{+} + H_{2} \to H_{3}^{+} + He (4.3 %)$ ${\rm{He}}{{\rm{H}}^ + } + {{\rm{H}}_2} \to {\rm{H}}_3^ + + {\rm{He}}(4.3\% )$	$H_{3}^{+} + e \to H + H + H (10.5 %)$ ${\rm{H}}_3^ + + {\rm{e}} \to {\rm{H}} + {\rm{H}} + {\rm{H}}(10.5\% )$
	${NH}^{+} + H_{2}^{-} \to H_{3}^{+} + N (3.5 %)$ ${\rm{N}}{{\rm{H}}^ + } + {\rm{H}}_2^ - \to {\rm{H}}_3^ + + {\rm{N}}(3.5\% )$	$H_{3}^{+} + e \to H_{2} + H (5.6 %)$ ${\rm{H}}_3^ + + {\rm{e}} \to {{\rm{H}}_2} + {\rm{H}}(5.6\% )$
		$H_{3}^{+} + CO \to {HCO}^{+} + H_{2} (1.6 %)$ ${\rm{H}}_3^ + + {\rm{CO}} \to {\rm{HC}}{{\rm{O}}^ + } + {{\rm{H}}_2}(1.6\% )$
		$H_{3}^{+} + CO \to {HOC}^{+} + H_{2} (1.1 %)$ ${\rm{H}}_3^ + + {\rm{CO}} \to {\rm{HO}}{{\rm{C}}^ + } + {{\rm{H}}_2}(1.1\% )$

H₃O⁺	H₂O⁺ + H₂ → H₃O⁺ + H (100.0%)	H₃O⁺ + e → OH + H + H (67.0%)
		H₃O⁺ + e → H₂O + H (18.0%)
		H₃O⁺ + e → OH + H₂ (11.0%)
		H₃O⁺ + e → H₂ + O + H (4.0%)

HCO⁺	HOCO⁺ + O → HCO+ + O₂(34.2%)	HCO⁺ + e → CO + H (84.9%)
	${CO}_{2}^{+} + H \to {HCO}^{+} + O (17.3 %)$ ${\rm{CO}}_2^ + + {\rm{H}} \to {\rm{HC}}{{\rm{O}}^ + } + {\rm{O}}(17.3\% )$	HCO⁺ + C → CH⁺ + CO (7.3%)
	HOCO⁺ + CO → HCO⁺ + CO₂ (17.3%)	HCO⁺ + e → OH + C (6.5%)
	H⁺ + CO₂ → HCO⁺ + O (11.9%)
	CO⁺ + H₂ → HCO⁺ + H (6.7%)
	OH⁺ + CO → HCO⁺ + O (5.5%)
	CH⁺ + CO₂ → HCO⁺ + CO (3.5%)
	HOC⁺ + CO → HCO⁺ + CO (2.0%)

HNO⁺	H₂O⁺ + N → HNO⁺ + H (51.0%)	HNO⁺ + e → NO + H (67.4%)
	${NH}_{2}^{+} + O \to {HNO}^{+} + H (28.8 %)$ ${\rm{NH}}_2^ + + {\rm{O}} \to {\rm{HN}}{{\rm{O}}^ + } + {\rm{H}}(28.8\% )$	HNO⁺ + CO → HCO⁺ + NO (17.1%)
	NH⁺ + CO₂ → HNO⁺ + CO (13.0%)	HNO⁺ + CO₂ → HOCO⁺ + NO (14.2%)
	OH⁺ + NO → HNO⁺ + O (2.4%)
	$O_{2}^{+} + NH \to {HNO}^{+} + O (1.6 %)$ ${\rm{O}}_2^ + + {\rm{NH}} \to {\rm{HN}}{{\rm{O}}^ + } + {\rm{O}}(1.6\% )$
	HOCO⁺ + NO → HNO⁺ + CO₂ (1.5%)
	HOC⁺ + NO → HNO⁺ + CO (1.5%)

${HO}_{2}^{+}$ ${\rm{HO}}_2^ +$	${HOC}^{+} + O_{2} \to {HO}_{2}^{+} + CO (82.6 %)$ ${\rm{HO}}{{\rm{C}}^ + } + {{\rm{O}}_2} \to {\rm{HO}}_2^ + + {\rm{CO}}(82.6\% )$	${HO}_{2}^{+} + O \to {OH}^{+} + O_{2} (66.8 %)$ ${\rm{HO}}_2^ + + {\rm{O}} \to {\rm{O}}{{\rm{H}}^ + } + {{\rm{O}}_2}(66.8\% )$
	$H_{2}^{+} + O_{2} \to {HO}_{2}^{+} + H (16.8 %)$ ${\rm{H}}_2^ + + {{\rm{O}}_2} \to {\rm{HO}}_2^ + + {\rm{H}}(16.8\% )$	${HO}_{2}^{+} + {CO}_{2} \to {HOCO}^{+} + O_{2} (14.6 %)$ ${\rm{HO}}_2^ + + {\rm{C}}{{\rm{O}}_2} \to {\rm{HOC}}{{\rm{O}}^ + } + {{\rm{O}}_2}(14.6\% )$
		${HO}_{2}^{+} + CO \to {HCO}^{+} + O_{2} (8.4 %)$ ${\rm{HO}}_2^ + + {\rm{CO}} \to {\rm{HC}}{{\rm{O}}^ + } + {{\rm{O}}_2}(8.4\% )$
		${HO}_{2}^{+} + N_{2} \to N_{2} H^{+} + O_{2} (5.0 %)$ ${\rm{HO}}_2^ + + {{\rm{N}}_2} \to {{\rm{N}}_2}{{\rm{H}}^ + } + {{\rm{O}}_2}(5.0\% )$
		${HO}_{2}^{+} + e \to O_{2} + H (5.0 %)$ ${\rm{HO}}_2^ + + {\rm{e}} \to {{\rm{O}}_2} + {\rm{H}}(5.0\% )$

HOC⁺	CO⁺ + H₂ → HOC⁺ + H (99.9%)	HOC⁺ + CO₂ → HOCO⁺ + CO (35.2%)
		HOC⁺ + CO → HCO⁺ + CO (29.8%)
		HOC⁺ + N₂ → N₂H⁺ + CO (18.2%)
		HOC⁺ + e → CO + H (9.2%)
		HOC⁺ + H₂ → HCO⁺ + H₂ (3.9%)
		${HOC}^{+} + H_{2} \to H_{3}^{+} + CO (2.8 %)$ ${\rm{HO}}{{\rm{C}}^ + } + {{\rm{H}}_2} \to {\rm{H}}_3^ + + {\rm{CO}}(2.8\% )$

HOCO⁺	CO⁺ + H₂ → HOCO⁺ + H (79.7%)	HOCO⁺ + O → HCO⁺ + O₂ (61.0%)
	OH⁺ + CO₂ → HOCO⁺ + O (12.7%)	HOCO⁺ + CO → HCO⁺ + CO₂ (30.9%)
	HOC⁺ + CO₂ → HOCO⁺ + CO (4.2%)	HOCO⁺ + e → CO + O + H (5.5%)
	N₂H⁺ + CO₂ → HOCO⁺ + N₂ (2.4%)	HOCO⁺ + e → CO + OH (2.2%)

N⁺	N₂ + hv → N⁺ + N + e (50.9%)	$N^{+} + {CO}_{2} \to {CO}_{2}^{+} + N (76.4 %)$ ${{\rm{N}}^ + } + {\rm{C}}{{\rm{O}}_2} \to {\rm{CO}}_2^ + + {\rm{N}}(76.4\% )$
	N₂ + e^* → N⁺ + N + 2e (25.0%)	N⁺ + CO₂ → CO⁺ + NO (16.8%)
	N + hv → N+ + e (10.4%)	N⁺ + CO → CO⁺ + N (5.5%)
	N₂ + e^* → N⁺ + N⁺ + 2e (4.6%)
	$O_{2}^{+} + N (^{2} D) \to N^{+} + O_{2} (3.4 %)$ ${\rm{O}}_2^ + + {\rm{N}}\left( {^2{\rm{D}}} \right) \to {{\rm{N}}^ + } + {{\rm{O}}_2}(3.4\% )$
	N + e^* → N⁺ + 2e (2.5%)
	N₂ + hv → N⁺ + N⁺ + 2e (1.4%)
	O⁺(²D) + N → N⁺ + O (1.0%)

$N_{2}^{+}$ ${\rm{N}}_2^ +$	$N_{2} + h v \to N_{2}^{+} + e (76.2 %)$ ${{{\rm{N}}_2} + {\rm{h}}v \to {\rm{N}}_2^ + + {\rm{e}}(76.2\% )}$	$N_{2}^{+} + {CO}_{2} \to {CO}_{2}^{+} + N_{2} (91.0 %)$ ${{\rm{N}}_2^ + + {\rm{C}}{{\rm{O}}_2} \to {\rm{CO}}_2^ + + {{\rm{N}}_2}(91.0\% )}$
	$N_{2} + e^{} \to N_{2}^{+} + 2 e (21.9 %)$ ${{{\rm{N}}_2} + {{\rm{e}}^} \to {\rm{N}}_2^ + + 2{\rm{e}}(21.9\% )}$	$N_{2}^{+} + O \to {NO}^{+} + N (6.4 %)$ ${{\rm{N}}_2^ + + {\rm{O}} \to {\rm{N}}{{\rm{O}}^ + } + {\rm{N}}(6.4\% )}$
	$O^{+} (^{2} D) + N_{2} \to N_{2}^{+} + O (1.8 %)$ ${{{\rm{O}}^ + }\left( {^2{\rm{D}}} \right) + {{\rm{N}}_2} \to {\rm{N}}_2^ + + {\rm{O}}(1.8\% )}$	$N_{2}^{+} + CO \to {CO}^{+} + N_{2} (1.2 %)$ ${{\rm{N}}_2^ + + {\rm{CO}} \to {\rm{C}}{{\rm{O}}^ + } + {{\rm{N}}_2}(1.2\% )}$

N₂H⁺	$N_{2}^{+} + H_{2} \to N_{2} H^{+} + H (47.0 %)$ ${\rm{N}}_2^ + + {{\rm{H}}_2} \to {{\rm{N}}_2}{{\rm{H}}^ + } + {\rm{H}}(47.0\% )$	N₂H⁺ + O → OH⁺ + N₂ (39.1%)
	HOC⁺ + N₂ → N₂H⁺ + CO (29.8%)	N₂H⁺ + CO₂ → HOCO⁺ + N₂ (32.5%)
	OH⁺ + N₂ → N₂H⁺ + O (21.1%)	N₂H⁺ + CO → HCO⁺ + N₂ (20.4%)
	$H_{2}^{+} + N_{2} \to N_{2} H^{+} + H (1.9 %)$ ${\rm{H}}_2^ + + {{\rm{N}}_2} \to {{\rm{N}}_2}{{\rm{H}}^ + } + {\rm{H}}(1.9\% )$	N₂H⁺ + e → N₂ + H (7.3%)

NH⁺	N⁺ + H₂ → NH⁺ + H (97.7%)	NH⁺ + O → OH⁺ + N (72.2%)
	$H_{2}^{+} + N \to {NH}^{+} + H (2.2 %)$ ${\rm{H}}_2^ + + {\rm{N}} \to {\rm{N}}{{\rm{H}}^ + } + {\rm{H}}(2.2\% )$	${NH}^{+} + H_{2} \to {NH}_{2}^{+} + H (7.8 %)$ ${\rm{N}}{{\rm{H}}^ + } + {{\rm{H}}_2} \to {\rm{NH}}_2^ + + {\rm{H}}(7.8\% )$
		NH⁺ + e → N + H (7.1%)
		NH⁺ + H → N⁺ + H₂ (7.1%)
		${NH}^{+} + H_{2} \to H_{3}^{+} + N (1.4 %)$ ${\rm{N}}{{\rm{H}}^ + } + {{\rm{H}}_2} \to {\rm{H}}_3^ + + {\rm{N}}(1.4\% )$
		${NH}^{+} + N \to N_{2}^{+} + H (1.1 %)$ ${\rm{N}}{{\rm{H}}^ + } + {\rm{N}} \to {\rm{N}}_2^ + + {\rm{H}}(1.1\% )$

${NH}_{2}^{+}$ ${\rm{NH}}_2^ +$	${NH}^{+} + H_{2} \to {NH}_{2}^{+} + H (98.0 %)$ ${{\rm{N}}{{\rm{H}}^ + } + {{\rm{H}}_2} \to {\rm{NH}}_2^ + + {\rm{H}}(98.0\% )}$	${NH}_{2}^{+} + e \to N + H + H (49.3 %)$ ${{\rm{NH}}_2^ + + {\rm{e}} \to {\rm{N}} + {\rm{H}} + {\rm{H}}(49.3\% )}$
	$H_{3}^{+} + N \to {NH}_{2}^{+} + H (1.8 %)$ ${{\rm{H}}_3^ + + {\rm{N}} \to {\rm{NH}}_2^ + + {\rm{H}}(1.8\% )}$	${NH}_{2}^{+} + e \to NH + H (37.2 %)$ ${{\rm{NH}}_2^ + + {\rm{e}} \to {\rm{NH}} + {\rm{H}}(37.2\% )}$
		${NH}_{2}^{+} + O \to {HNO}^{+} + H (10.9 %)$ ${{\rm{NH}}_2^ + + {\rm{O}} \to {\rm{HN}}{{\rm{O}}^ + } + {\rm{H}}(10.9\% )}$
		${NH}_{2}^{+} + H_{2} \to {NH}_{3}^{+} + H (2.5 %)$ ${{\rm{NH}}_2^ + + {{\rm{H}}_2} \to {\rm{NH}}_3^ + + {\rm{H}}(2.5\% )}$

NO⁺	$O_{2}^{+} + N \to {NO}^{+} + O (93.9 %)$ ${\rm{O}}_2^ + + {\rm{N}} \to {\rm{N}}{{\rm{O}}^ + } + {\rm{O}}(93.9\% )$	NO⁺ + e → O + N(²D) (76.0%)
	$N_{2}^{+} + O \to {NO}^{+} + N (2.7 %)$ ${\rm{N}}_2^ + + {\rm{O}} \to {\rm{N}}{{\rm{O}}^ + } + {\rm{N}}(2.7\% )$	NO⁺ + e → O + N (24.0%)
	$O_{2}^{+} + NO \to {NO}^{+} + O_{2} (2.6 %)$ ${\rm{O}}_2^ + + {\rm{NO}} \to {\rm{N}}{{\rm{O}}^ + } + {{\rm{O}}_2}(2.6\% )$

O⁺(⁴S)	${CO}_{2}^{+} + O \to O^{+} (^{4} S) + {CO}_{2} (68.7 %)$ ${\rm{CO}}_2^ + + {\rm{O}} \to {{\rm{O}}^ + }\left( {^4{\rm{S}}} \right) + {\rm{C}}{{\rm{O}}_2}(68.7\% )$	$O^{+} (^{4} S) + {CO}_{2} \to O_{2}^{+} + CO (99.2 %)$ ${{\rm{O}}^ + }\left( {^4{\rm{S}}} \right) + {\rm{C}}{{\rm{O}}_2} \to {\rm{O}}_2^ + + {\rm{CO}}(99.2\% )$
	CO₂ + hv → O⁺(⁴S) + CO + e (9.6%)
	O + hv → O⁺(⁴S) + e (8.3%)
	CO₂ + hv → O⁺(⁴S) + CO⁺ + 2e (3.1%)
	CO₂ + e^* → O⁺ (⁴S) + CO + 2e (3.1%)
	O + e^* → O⁺ (⁴S) + 2e (2.6%)
	CO₂ + hv → C⁺ + O⁺ (⁴S) + O + 2e (1.5%)

O⁺ (²D)	O + hv → O⁺ (²D) + e (79.9%)	$O^{+} (^{2} D) + {CO}_{2} \to {CO}_{2}^{+} + O (64.7 %)$ ${{\rm{O}}^ + }\left( {^2{\rm{D}}} \right) + {\rm{C}}{{\rm{O}}_2} \to {\rm{CO}}_2^ + + {\rm{O}}(64.7{\rm{\% }})$
	O⁺ (²P) + O → O⁺ (²D) + O (8.0%)	O⁺ (²D) + CO → CO⁺ + O (24.8%)
	O + e^* → O⁺ (²D) + 2e (7.7%)	$O^{+} (^{2} D) + {CO}_{2} \to O_{2}^{+} + CO (3.9 %)$ ${{\rm{O}}^ + }\left( {^2{\rm{D}}} \right) + {\rm{C}}{{\rm{O}}_2} \to {\rm{O}}_2^ + + {\rm{CO}}(3.9{\rm{\% }})$
	O⁺ (²P) → O⁺ (²D) + hv (4.1%)	$O^{+} (^{2} D) + N_{2} \to N_{2}^{+} + O (2.9 %)$ ${{\rm{O}}^ + }\left( {^2{\rm{D}}} \right) + {{\rm{N}}_2} \to {\rm{N}}_2^ + + {\rm{O}}(2.9{\rm{\% }})$
		O⁺ (²D) + e → O⁺ (⁴S) + 2e (1.3%)
		O⁺ (²D) + O → O⁺ (⁴S) + O (1.2%)

O⁺ (²P)	O + hv → O+(²P) + e (93.4%)	$O^{+} (^{2} P) + {CO}_{2} \to {CO}_{2}^{+} + O (50.8 %)$ ${{\rm{O}}^ + }\left( {^2{\rm{P}}} \right) + {\rm{C}}{{\rm{O}}_2} \to {\rm{CO}}_2^ + + {\rm{O}}(50.8{\rm{\% }})$
	O + e^* → O⁺ (²P) + 2e (6.6%)	O⁺ (²P) + O → O⁺ (²D) + O (18.3%)
		O⁺ (²P) + CO → CO⁺ + O (13.0%)
		O⁺ (²P) → O⁺ (²D) + hv (9.5%)
		$O^{+} (^{2} P) + {CO}_{2} \to O_{2}^{+} + CO (3.1 %)$ ${{\rm{O}}^ + }\left( {^2{\rm{P}}} \right) + {\rm{C}}{{\rm{O}}_2} \to {\rm{O}}_2^ + + {\rm{CO}}(3.1{\rm{\% }})$
		O⁺ (²P) → O⁺ (⁴S) + hv (2.7%)
		O⁺ (²P) + N₂ → O+(⁴S) + N₂ (2.0%)

$O_{2}^{+}$ ${\rm{O}}_2^ +$	${CO}_{2}^{+} + O \to O_{2}^{+} + CO (53.9 %)$ ${\rm{CO}}_2^ + + {\rm{O}} \to {\rm{O}}_2^ + + {\rm{CO}}(53.9{\rm{\% }})$	$O_{2}^{+} + e \to O + O (^{1} D) (39.7 %)$ ${\rm{O}}_2^ + + {\rm{e}} \to {\rm{O}} + {\rm{O}}\left( {^1{\rm{D}}} \right)(39.7{\rm{\% }})$
	$O^{+} + {CO}_{2} \to O_{2}^{+} + CO (45.5 %)$ ${{\rm{O}}^ + } + {\rm{C}}{{\rm{O}}_2} \to {\rm{O}}_2^ + + {\rm{CO}}(45.5{\rm{\% }})$	$O_{2}^{+} + e \to O + O (22.3 %)$ ${\rm{O}}_2^ + + {\rm{e}} \to {\rm{O}} + {\rm{O}}(22.3{\rm{\% }})$
		$O_{2}^{+} + e \to O (^{1} D) + O (^{1} D) (17.1 %)$ ${\rm{O}}_2^ + + {\rm{e}} \to {\rm{O}}\left( {^1{\rm{D}}} \right) + {\rm{O}}\left( {^1{\rm{D}}} \right)(17.1{\rm{\% }})$
		$O_{2}^{+} + N \to {NO}^{+} + O (15.3 %)$ ${\rm{O}}_2^ + + {\rm{N}} \to {\rm{N}}{{\rm{O}}^ + } + {\rm{O}}(15.3{\rm{\% }})$
		$O_{2}^{+} + e \to O (^{1} D) + O (^{1} S) (4.9 %)$ ${\rm{O}}_2^ + + {\rm{e}} \to {\rm{O}}\left( {^1{\rm{D}}} \right) + {\rm{O}}\left( {^1{\rm{S}}} \right)(4.9{\rm{\% }})$

OH⁺	O⁺ + H₂ → OH⁺ + H (82.8%)	${OH}^{+} + O \to O_{2}^{+} + H (78.8 %)$ ${\rm{O}}{{\rm{H}}^ + } + {\rm{O}} \to {\rm{O}}_2^ + + {\rm{H}}(78.8{\rm{\% }})$
	O⁺ (²D) + H₂ → OH⁺ + H (14.4%)	OH⁺ + H₂ → H₂O⁺ + H (6.1%)
	$H_{2}^{+} + O \to {OH}^{+} + H (1.1 %)$ ${\rm{H}}_2^ + + {\rm{O}} \to {\rm{O}}{{\rm{H}}^ + } + {\rm{H}}(1.1{\rm{\% }})$	OH⁺ + e → O + H (5.4%)
	N₂H⁺ + O → OH⁺ + N₂ (1.0%)	OH⁺ + CO₂ → HOCO⁺ + O (4.5%)
		OH⁺ + CO → HCO⁺ + O (3.5%)
		OH⁺ + N → NO⁺ + H (1.0%)

He⁺	He + hv → He⁺ + e (94.6%)	He⁺ + CO → C⁺ + O + He (43.9%)
	He + e^* → He⁺ + 2e (5.4%)	He⁺ + CO₂ → CO⁺ + O + He (26.8%)
		He⁺ + N₂ → N⁺ + N + He (12.9%)
		${He}^{+} + N_{2} \to N_{2}^{+} + He (8.6 %)$ ${\rm{H}}{{\rm{e}}^ + } + {{\rm{N}}_2} \to {\rm{N}}_2^ + + {\rm{He}}(8.6{\rm{\% }})$
		He⁺ + CO₂ → O⁺ (⁴S) + CO + He (4.8%)
		${He}^{+} + {CO}_{2} \to {CO}_{2}^{+} + He (1.7 %)$ ${\rm{H}}{{\rm{e}}^ + } + {\rm{C}}{{\rm{O}}_2} \to {\rm{CO}}_2^ + + {\rm{He}}(1.7{\rm{\% }})$

HeH⁺	$H_{2}^{+} + He \to {HeH}^{+} + H (100.0 %)$ ${\rm{H}}_2^ + + {\rm{He}} \to {\rm{He}}{{\rm{H}}^ + } + {\rm{H}}(100.0{\rm{\% }})$	${HeH}^{+} + H_{2} \to H_{3}^{+} + He (47.6 %)$ ${\rm{He}}{{\rm{H}}^ + } + {{\rm{H}}_2} \to {\rm{H}}_3^ + + {\rm{He}}(47.6{\rm{\% }})$
		${HeH}^{+} + H \to H_{2}^{+} + He (33.8 %)$ ${\rm{He}}{{\rm{H}}^ + } + {\rm{H}} \to {\rm{H}}_2^ + + {\rm{He}}(33.8{\rm{\% }})$
		HeH⁺ + e → He + H (18.7%)

^* The main chemical production and destruction channels for various ion species in the dayside Venusian ionosphere based on our solar minimum model calculations. The numbers in parentheses refer to the fractional contributions to the total ion production and destruction rates integrated over the entire altitude range of 100–350 km. Only those channels with fractional contributions greater than 1% are tabulated. Throughout the table, “e” denotes ionospheric electrons in general, whereas “e^*” denotes energetic electrons in particular (which exclusively refer to photoelectrons in this study).

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