Stellar mass dependence of the outflow mass-loading factor (i.e. the ratio of the mass-loss rate and SFR). Estimates based on [O III] and Hα emission lines are reported as blue and orange squares, respectively. The median outflow mass-loading factor is illustrated as a red star. The grey circles show the mass-loading factors from a sample of dwarf galaxies at z ∼ 0 (Marasco et al. 2023). The shaded grey region shows the prediction from the TNG50 simulations at z ∼ 5 (Nelson et al. 2019), and the solid and dashed black lines are the trend at z ∼ 5 from EAGLE (Mitchell et al. 2020) and the redshift-independent relation from FIRE simulations (Muratov et al. 2015), respectively. The dot-dashed black and grey lines show the prediction from the FIRE-2 simulation for all outflow phases combined and for the ionised outflow alone, respectively (Pandya et al. 2021).