Cosmic evolution of ionised outflow velocities from rest-frame optical emission lines in low-mass (M_⋆ < 10⁹ M_⊙) galaxies. The blue and orange squares indicate the outflows from JADES. The red star represents the median outflow velocity of our sample. The grey circles are the outflow velocities from a sample of local low-mass galaxies (Marasco et al. 2023) and re-estimated consistently with our definition (see details in the text). The larger empty circle is their median. The diamond shows a tentative outflow detection by stacking spectra of low-mass galaxies at z = 1.2 − 2.6 (Concas et al. 2022). The squares report the outflow velocities detected in four low-mass galaxies at z ∼ 3 (Llerena et al. 2023). The dotted, dashed, and solid black lines are the predictions from the TNG50 simulation for three different stellar masses: M_⋆ = 10^8.5, 10⁸, and 10^7.5 M_⊙ (Nelson et al. 2019).