Time-averaged profiles of 〈∂_tE_m〉_z/〈E_m〉_z (solid lines, left axis, smoothed for clarity with a moving average of width 10∆z) and computed during the kinematic phase, and of 〈|∇v|〉_z,t (dashed lines, right axis) for the four models K8V, K2V, G2V, and F5V. The black dotted line denotes the geometrical height z = 0. To the left of this line is the convection zone; the photosphere is to the right.