Fig. 4.

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Comparison between bounds on the cosmological constant for different systems versus the orbital period of these systems: Planets in the solar system (dark blue), S2 star around Sgr A* (green), double pulsar PSR J0737−3039A/B (azure), Local Group (red), and Virgo (pink). Each upper bound is the 1-σ upper bound on Λ. For comparison, we put the estimated values of the cosmological constant from Planck Collaboration VI (2020; grey) and SH0ES, Brout et al. (2022; yellow). For longer periods, the upper bound on Λ decreases and proves that systems with orbital periods in the range of TΛ ≈ 60 Gyr have to be used to constrain Λ from binary systems tightly. The dashed black line is κ = 1, which represents TK = TΛ and thus separates bound from unbound systems.
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