Astrometry-based luminosity of FU (circles) and FO (squares) Cepheids as a function of pulsation period with magnitudes in rizJHK_s bands is shown in the top part of each subpanel. The dashed and dotted lines represent the best-fitting relation for FU and FO mode Cepheids, respectively. The middle plot in each subpanel displays the residuals of the best fit as a function of period. The dashed lines show ±3σ scatter for FU and FO modes Cepheids. The bottom plot in each subpanel shows the residuals as a function of metallicity, if available. The dashed lines in the bottom two subpanels represent zero-residual variation. The partially filled symbols represent outliers, while empty symbols represent no metallicity measurement. The colour bar represents metallicity.