p-values of the median test to distinguish the two theories of gravity performed on the samples of ςs of the simulated clusters in Table 1. Top panel: blue points show the p-values of the test on the full samples of ςs in the low-mass bin, and the gray crosses show the p-values of the test performed by undersampling all the low-mass samples to 646 halos. Bottom panel: orange and green points show the p-values of the test on the full samples in the intermediate- and high-mass bin, respectively; the gray crosses show the p-values of the test performed by undersampling the intermediate-mass samples to 11 halos. In both panels, the horizontal lines denote p = 10⁻³.