ς as a function of MAR, color-coded by redshift. The circles and crosses show the median values of the ΛCDM and fR4 samples, respectively. The solid (dash-dotted) curves are the fits of Eq. (4) to the ΛCDM (fR4) data at three redshifts. From top to bottom, z = 0.0, 0.5, and 1.0. At fixed redshift, ς decreases with increasing MAR; at fixed MAR, ς decreases as the redshift increases.