Fig. 17.

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Volumetric density rate as a function of redshift comparing FXTs (gray filled region, assuming no evolution with redshift and 1-σ confidence; see text for details) and other transients. Left panel: comparison to massive-star related sources such as CC-SNe (dashed orange line; times the cosmic SFR density from Madau & Dickinson 2014), LGRBs (blue-solid, dashed and dotted lines show evolution normalized at z = 0 to ρ0, LGRBs = 0.75 yr−1 Gpc−3 for
, 100, and 50, respectively; Sun et al. 2015; Wanderman & Piran 2010), LL-LGRBs (green-solid and dashed lines denote evolution normalized at z = 0 to ρ0, LL − LGRBs = 150 yr−1 Gpc−3 for
and 1, respectively, where
is the jet beaming correction factor; Liang et al. 2007a; Zhang 2018). Middle panel: comparison to compact-object binary systems such as SGRBs considering Gaussian (Gau.; red lines), Power-law (PL; gray lines), and Log-Normal (LN; purple lines) merger delay models (solid, dashed and dotted lines denote evolution normalized at z = 0 to ρ0, SGRBs = 1.75 yr−1 Gpc−3 for
, 30 and 25, respectively; Sun et al. 2015; Wanderman & Piran 2015). Right panel: comparison to SMBH-TDEs (magenta line indicates evolution normalized at z = 0 to ρ0, SMBH − TDEs = 1.1 × 105 yr−1 Gpc−3 for luminosities ≳1044 erg s−1, assumed to be emitted isotropically; Sun et al. 2015) and IMBH-TDEs (cyanline shows evolution normalized at z = 0 to ρ0, IMBH − TDEs = 290 yr−1 Gpc−3 emitted isotropically; Bloom et al. 2011; Lu & Kumar 2018; Malyali et al. 2019; Tanikawa et al. 2022). We also show the estimated rates from Paper I (cyan circle) and Xue et al. (2019) for CDF-XT2-like objects (purple square).
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