Relativistic theory for time and frequency transfer through flowing media with an application to the atmosphere of Earth

Open Access

Fig. 3

Visualization of the Sagnac area Σ. The part of the Sagnac effect that is caused by the atmosphere is given by the change in the area Σ when the path changes from the case including atmospheric refraction and gravitation to a vacuum case that only includes gravitation ( in Eq. (13)).

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