Comparison of the clumping factor obtained with Eq. (16) for the joint fit across the X-COP sample in each annular region compared to the clumping factor obtained by Eckert et al. (2015) for a sample of 35 clusters, by de Vries et al. (2023) for the Perseus cluster and by Angelinelli et al. (2021) for 9 clusters in the ITASCA simulated clusters. The plain line and envelop represent the median and 16th–84th percentiles of the clumping factor profile.