Investigating the turbulent hot gas in X-COP galaxy clusters

¹ IRAP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, CNES, UT3-PS, Av. du Colonel Roche 9, 31400 Toulouse, France
e-mail: sdupourque@irap.omp.eu
² Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
³ INAF, Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio, via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁴ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universitá di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40122 Bologna, Italy
⁵ Hamburger Sternwarte, University of Hamburg, Gojenbergsweg 112, 21029 Hamburg, Germany
⁶ Istituto di Radioastronomia, INAF, Via Gobetti 101, 40122 Bologna, Italy

Received: 23 December 2022
Accepted: 17 March 2023

Abstract

Context. Turbulent processes at work in the intracluster medium perturb this environments, impacting its properties, displacing gas, and creating local density fluctuations that can be quantified via X-ray surface brightness fluctuation analyses. Improved knowledge of these phenomena would allow for a more accurate determination of the mass of galaxy clusters, as well as a better understanding of their dynamic assembly.

Aims. In this work, we aim to set constraints on the structure of turbulence using X-ray surface brightness fluctuations. We seek to consider the stochastic nature of this observable and to constrain the structure of the underlying power spectrum.

Methods. We propose a new Bayesian approach, relying on simulation-based inference to account for the whole error budget. We used the X-COP cluster sample to individually constrain the power spectrum in four regions and within R₅₀₀. We spread the analysis on the entire set of 12 systems to alleviate the sample variance. We then interpreted the density fluctuations as the result of either gas clumping or turbulence.

Results. For each cluster considered individually, the normalisation of density fluctuations correlate positively with the Zernike moment and centroid shift, but negatively with the concentration and the Gini coefficient. The spectral index within R₅₀₀ and evaluated over all clusters is consistent with a Kolmogorov cascade. The normalisation of density fluctuations, when interpreted in terms of clumping, is consistent within 0.5R₅₀₀ with the literature results and numerical simulations; however, it is higher between 0.5 and 1R₅₀₀. Conversely, when interpreted on the basis of turbulence, we deduce a non-thermal pressure profile that is lower than the predictions of the simulations within 0.5 R₅₀₀, but still in agreement in the outer regions. We explain these results by the presence of central structural residues that are remnants of the dynamical assembly of the clusters.