Comparison of radial-velocity estimates from ideal and synthetic ngVLA observations of H¹³CO⁺(1−0). Frames a–c show, respectively, the true column density, the radial velocity from ideal observations, and the radial velocity from synthetic ngVLA observations. Frame d shows the radial velocity along the four paths (starting at the core location) indicated in frames a–c. The radial velocity from ideal observations is plotted with solid lines and the velocity from synthetic ngVLA observations with dashed lines.