Fig. 19

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Critical Pd to reducethe magnetopause standoff distance below (a) the geostationary orbit (b) medium orbit at Rmo =R∕RE = 4.125 and (c) medium orbit at 2.5625 for different IMF intensities and orientations. Fixed T = 1.8 × 105 K. IMF direction: Earth–Sun (red circle), northward (blue diamond), southward (green triangle), and ecliptic ctr-clockwise (cyan pentagon).
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