Mechanisms for gas-phase molecular formation of neutral formaldehyde (H2CO) in cold astrophysical regions

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Volume 656 (December 2021)

A&A, 656 (2021) A148

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Table 1

Chemical reactions of formaldehyde (H₂CO) proposed in this research.

R/id	Reaction mechanism	R/id	Reaction mechanism	R/id	Reaction mechanism	R/id	Reaction mechanism	R/id	Reaction mechanism	R/id	Reaction mechanism
R1	⋅C + ¹H₂O →¹H₂CO	R17	⋅CH + ⋅²OH →¹H₂CO	R33	⋅³CH₂ + ⋅²OH →¹H₂CO + ⋅H	R49	⋅CH₃ + ⋅²OH →¹H₂CO + ⋅³H₂	R65	C⁺H₃ + ¹O₂ →¹H₂CO + ⋅OH⁺	R81	⋅CHO + trans-HONO →¹H₂CO + ⋅NO₂
R2	¹CO + ¹H₂ →¹H₂CO	R18	⋅CH + ⋅⁴OH →¹H₂CO	R34	⋅²C⁺ H₂ + ¹O₂ →¹H₂CO + ⋅O⁺	R50	⋅CH₃ + ⋅³O₂ →¹H₂CO + ⋅⁴OH	R66	C⁺H₃ + ¹O₂ →¹H₂CO + ⋅O⁺H	R82	⋅CHO + ⋅CHO →¹H₂CO + ¹CO
R3	⋅³CO + ⋅³H₂ →¹H₂CO	R19	⋅CH + ¹H₂O →¹H₂CO + ⋅H	R35	⋅²C⁺H₂ + ⋅³O₂ →¹H₂CO + ⋅O⁺	R51	⋅CH₃ + ⋅³O₂ →¹H₂CO + ⋅²OH	R67	CH₃⁺ + ⋅⁴OH →¹H₂CO + ⋅H₂⁺	R83	⋅CHO +⋅CHO →¹H₂CO + ⋅³CO
R4	⋅³CO + ¹H₂ →¹H₂CO	R20	¹CH₂ + O(¹D) →¹H₂CO	R36	⋅⁴CH₂⁺ + ¹O₂ →¹H₂CO + ⋅O⁺	R52	⋅CH₃ + ¹O₂ →¹H₂CO + ⋅⁴OH	R68	CH₃⁺ + ⋅²OH →¹H₂CO + ⋅H₂⁺	R84	⋅CHO + HNO →¹H₂CO + ⋅NO
R5	¹CO + ⋅³H₂ →¹H₂CO	R21	¹CH₂ + ⋅O(³P) →¹H₂CO	R37	⋅⁴CH₂+ + ⋅³O₂ →¹H₂CO + ⋅O⁺	R53	⋅CH₃ + ¹O₂ →¹H₂CO + ⋅²OH	R69	C⁺H₃ + ⋅⁴OH →¹H₂CO + ⋅H₂+	R85	⋅CHO + HCN →¹H₂CO + ⋅CN
R6	¹CO + ¹H₂O →¹H₂CO + O(¹D)	R22	⋅³CH₂ + O(¹D) →¹H₂CO	R38	⋅²C⁺H₂ + CO₂ →¹H₂CO + ⋅CO⁺	R54	⋅CH₃ + ⋅NO₂ →¹H₂CO + HNO	R70	C⁺H₃ + ⋅²OH →¹H₂CO + ⋅H₂⁺	R86	⋅CHO + CH₄ →¹H₂CO + ⋅CH₃
R7	⋅³CO + ¹H₂O →¹H₂CO + O(¹D)	R23	⋅³CH₂ + ⋅O(³P) →¹H₂CO	R39	⋅²C⁺H₂ + CO₂ →¹H₂CO + ⋅C⁺O	R55	C⁺H₃ + O(¹D) →¹H₂CO + ⋅H⁺	R71	⋅CHO + ⋅H →¹H₂CO	R87	HCN + ¹H₂O →¹H₂CO + ¹NH
R8	¹CO + ¹H₂O →¹H₂CO + ⋅O(³P)	R24	¹CH₂ + ¹O₂ →¹H₂CO + O(¹D)	R40	⋅⁴CH₂⁺ + CO₂ →¹H₂CO + ⋅CO⁺	R56	C⁺H₃ + ⋅O(³P) →¹H₂CO + ⋅H⁺	R72	⋅CHO + ⋅²OH →¹H₂CO + ⋅O(³P)	R88	HCN + ¹H₂O →¹H₂CO + ⋅³NH
R9	⋅³CO + ¹H₂O →¹H₂CO + ⋅O(³P)	R25	¹CH₂ + ¹O₂ →¹H₂CO + ⋅O(³P)	R41	⋅⁴CH₂⁺ + CO₂ →¹H₂CO + ⋅C⁺O	R57	CH₃+ + O(¹D) →¹H₂CO + ⋅H⁺	R73	⋅CHO + ⋅⁴OH →¹H₂CO + ⋅O(³P)	R89	CH₄ + O(¹D) →¹H₂CO + 2⋅H
R10	¹CO + NH₃ →¹H₂CO + ¹NH	R26	¹CH₂ + ⋅³O₂ →¹H₂CO + O(¹D)	R42	⋅²C+H₂ + ⋅²OH →¹H₂CO + H⁺	R58	CH₃⁺ + ⋅O(³P) →¹H₂CO + ⋅H⁺	R74	⋅CHO + ⋅²OH →¹H₂CO + O(¹D)	R90	CH₄ + ⋅O(³P) →¹H₂CO + 2⋅H
R11	¹CO + NH₃ →¹H₂CO + ⋅³NH	R27	¹CH₂ + ⋅³O₂ →¹H₂CO + ⋅O(³P)	R43	⋅²C⁺H₂ + ⋅⁴OH →¹H₂CO + H⁺	R59	CH₃⁺ + ⋅³O₂ →¹H₂CO + ⋅OH⁺	R75	⋅CHO + ⋅⁴OH →¹H₂CO + O(¹D)	R91	CH₄ + O(¹D) →¹H₂CO + ¹H₂
R12	⋅³CO + NH₃ →¹H₂CO + ⋅³NH	R28	³CH₂ + ³O₂ →¹H₂CO + ⋅O(³P)	R44	⋅CH₃ + O(¹D) →¹H₂CO + ⋅H	R60	CH₃⁺ + ⋅³O₂ →¹H₂CO + ⋅O⁺H	R76	⋅CHO + ¹H₂O →¹H₂CO + ⋅⁴OH	R92	CH₄ + ⋅O(³P) →¹H₂CO + ¹H₂
R13	⋅³CO + NH₃ →¹H₂CO + ¹NH	R29	¹CH₂ + ⋅⁴OH →¹H₂CO + ⋅H	R45	⋅CH₃ + ⋅O(³P) →¹H₂CO + ⋅H	R61	CH₃⁺ + ¹O₂ →¹H₂CO + ⋅OH⁺	R77	⋅CHO + ¹H₂O →¹H₂CO + ⋅²OH	R93	CH₄ + O(¹D) →¹H₂CO + ⋅³H₂
R14	CO₂ + H₂O →¹H₂CO + ⋅³O₂	R30	¹CH₂ + ⋅²OH →¹H₂CO + ⋅H	R46	⋅CH₃ + ⋅⁴OH →¹H₂CO + ¹H₂	R62	CH₃⁺ + ¹O₂ →¹H₂CO + ⋅O⁺H	R78	⋅CHO + H₂O₂ →¹H₂CO + ⋅H + ¹O₂	R94	CH₄ + ⋅O(³P) →¹H₂CO + ⋅³H₂
R15	CO₂ + H₂O →¹H₂CO + ¹O₂	R31	¹CH₂ + CO₂ →¹H₂CO + ¹CO	R47	⋅CH₃ + ⋅⁴OH →¹H₂CO + ⋅³H₂	R63	C⁺H₃ + ⋅³O₂ →¹H₂CO + ⋅OH⁺	R79	⋅CHO + H₂O₂ →¹H₂CO + ⋅H + ⋅³O₂	R95	C₂H₄ + O(¹D) →¹H₂CO + ⋅¹CH₂
R16	CO₂ + NH₃ →¹H₂CO + HNO	R32	¹CH₂ + CO₂ →¹H₂CO + ⋅³CO	R48	⋅CH₃ + ⋅²OH →¹H₂CO + ¹H₂	R64	C⁺H₃ + ⋅³O₂ →¹H₂CO + ⋅O⁺H	R80	⋅CHO + cis-HONO →¹H₂CO + ⋅NO₂	R96	C₂H₄ + ⋅O(³P) →¹H₂CO + ⋅¹CH₂

Notes. This table presents the 96 initial reactions subject to investigation to produce neutral formaldehyde in cold astrophysical regions. Source: NIST; Linstrom & Mallard (1997) and own elaboration. R/id = reaction number.

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