Evolution of the Region R1 in Fig. 2a from 13:12 to 17:24 UT (panels a–g). The columns from left to right are, in order, the continuum images, B_r from Stokes inversion, |B_r| from CNN model, scatter plots of |B_r| between the two methods, B_t from Stokes inversion and CNN model, and scatter plots of the two methods, respectively. The elliptical E1 indicates the region where the transverse magnetic field emerges. Panel h: values for a sunspot from R3 region but for a different time.