Spin–mass relation (λ-σ, Eq. (11)). The model is a linear relation with no redshift trend. Data points are color-coded by redshift, while the different geometrical shapes refer to different simulations: squares for HMD, triangles for BigMD, and circles for MDPL. The straight line indicates the best-fit model, which considers all simulations and redshift at the same time. The best-fit parameters are given in Table A.2. The upper x-axis converts peaks values into mass at z = 0.