Images ℋ_λ of the simulated star-forming region, defined by Eq. (1)), shown at three selected wavelengths. The benchmark images are a superposition of four structural components: the background ℬ_λ, the filament ℱ_λ, the sources 𝒮_λ, and the noise 𝒩_λ. Two simpler variants of this benchmark are also available: without the filament and without the background. Square-root color mapping.