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Table 1
Solar wind and cometary conditions and respective cometary and simulation values.
| Parameter | Symbol [unit] | 67P | Model |
|---|---|---|---|
| Heliocentric distance | R [AU] | 3.0 | |
| Nucleus radius | rc [m] | 2 × 103 | 5 |
| Water production rate | Q [s−1] | 8.75 × 1025 | 2.19 × 1023 |
| Water ionisation rate | νi [s−1] | 3.68 × 10−8 | 3.68 × 10−8 |
| Water speed | u [km s−1] | 0.6 | 0.6 |
| Ionisation excess energy | Ek [eV] | 15 | 15 |
| SW number density | n0 [m−3] | 7.8 × 105 | 7.8 × 105 |
| SW electron temperature | kB Te,0 [eV] | 6.21 | 6.21 |
| SW proton temperature |  [eV] |
3.31 | 3.31 |
| SW bulk speed | u0 [m s−1] | 4.3 × 105 | 4.3 × 105 |
| B-field magnitude | B0 [T] | 5 × 10−9 | 1.98 × 10−6 |
| Water ion density max. |  [m−3] |
3.5 × 1010 | 8.8 × 107 |
| Electron mass | m∕me [kg/kg] | 1 | 20 |
| Electron cyclotron frequency | fce [Hz] | 139 | 2.78 × 103 |
| Electron plasma frequency max. | fpe [Hz] | 1.68 × 106 | 1.88 × 104 |
| H2O+ plasma frequency max. | fpi [Hz] | 9.28 × 103 | 464 |
| H2O+ cyclotron frequency | fci [Hz] | 4.23 × 10−3 | 1.69 |
| Grid cell size | Δx [m] | 8 | |
| Timestep | Δt [s] | 3 × 10−6 |
Notes. The values listed for comet 67P are approximate and were found as described in Sect. 2. The model values are those used in the simulations.
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