Fig. 8
Illustration of the formation pathways of HCOOH (highlighted in yellow) and CO2 (highlighted in red) ice in the H2O-rich and heavy CO freeze-out stages, as proposed only from the findings from this study (i.e., not all possible reactions are included). Note that an extra pathway to HCOOH formation is found in the heavy CO freeze-out stage due to the presence of H2CO.
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