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Fig. 2.

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Evolution of BH masses m1, m2 (red lines) and BBH hardness (minus logarithm) χ(t)=ah(t)/a(t) (blue lines) plotted until the time the gas reservoir of a primordial cluster is completely depleted for an exponential loss law (for a linear law the depletion time for the same mass growth is about half) so that the BHs attain the mass values of the GW signal GW150914, namely m1(tend)=36 M, m2(tend)=29 M. We assume cs = 5 km s−1, σ = 6 km s−1 and the orbital velocity of the BBH w.r.t. the cluster to be constant vc = 4.5 km s−1 which corresponds to a circular orbit of the barycenter at a distance ∼0.15 pc from the center of the cluster. Assuming vc = σ will add about 8 Myr. Left panels: we consider spherically symmetric Bondi accretion and solve the system (C.10) and (C.11). The initial gas density is ρg(0)=5 × 104M pc−3. We find that the time needed is 12 Myr for a(0)/ah(0)=1, corresponding to the soft-hard boundary, in the upper panel and m1(0)=8.35 M, m2(0)=8.03 M, while we consider a soft binary in the lower panel with a(0)/ah(0)=5 ⇔ χ(0)=0.2 and m1(0)=7.91 M, m2(0)=7.54 M. The hard BBH gets about 62 harder, while the soft 74 times harder becoming very hard at the end of the process χ(tend)=14.8. Both the mass increase and hardening effects are more intense for the soft binary in agreement with Fig. 2b. Right panels: we consider Eddington-limited accretion in a disk, as in Eq. (A.7), depicted with solid lines and we plot in the same graph the Bondi case with dotted lines. We assume initial gas density ρg(0)=104M pc−3. The time needed for a similar growth to the Bondi case is about four times larger with respect to the left panels, namely 50 Myr with a little higher initial masses m1(0)=11.85 M, m2(0)=9.55 M. We note that in order to achieve the same final mass in the same time with Bondi accretion, the initial masses are much lower, namely m1(0)=6.40 M, m2(0)=6.29 M in the hard case and m1(0)=5.54 M, m2(0)=5.40 M in the soft one. In case of angular momentum preservation (or loss to the disk) the BBH gets harder in Eddington-limited accretion as well, though it is less severe than in the Bondi case. The soft binary gets hard attaining χ(tend)=5.6.

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