Radial distance (top panel), mass (middle panel), and central temperature (bottom panel) of fragment IF1 vs. time in the fiducial model (blue curves), IOB model (red curves), and SM model (green curves). The green circles indicate time instances at which the mass growth rate of IF1 is calculated: (1) 4.0 × 10⁻³ M_Jup yr⁻¹, (2) 4.8 × 10⁻³ M_Jup yr⁻¹, (3) − 3.5 × 10⁻³ M_Jup yr⁻¹, and (4) − 2.6 × 10⁻³ M_Jup yr⁻¹.