Abundances of Si, Ar, Ca, Cr, Mn, and Fe relative Ar (with error bars) compared with the predictions of supernova nucleosynthesis models. Upper panels: CC spherical explosion models (left), and energetic spherical (middle) and bipolar explosion models (right; the explosion energy are 10–30 ×10⁵¹ erg, E₅₁ stands for 10⁵¹ erg, θ is the opening half-angle of the jet) for different progenitor masses. Bottom-left panel: three-dimensional DDT Type-Ia models, where the deflagration is ignited in 1, 10, 100, and 1600 spherical sparks, respectively, near the WD center. Bottom-right panel: compares the DDT models which followed the two-dimensional spherical deflagration (C-DDT) and extremely off-center deflagration (O-DDT) ignitions, respectively. Solar progenitor metallicity is used for all models.