Joint constraints on  –σ₈ parameters with GALAXY and GROUP catalogues for three different models. Red, blue, and green dashed lines are the 1, 2, 3σ confidence levels, respectively. The best-fitting cosmological parameters from WMAP 9-year (Hinshaw et al. 2013) and Planck 2015 results (Planck Collaboration XIII 2015) are {Ω_m, σ₈, h} = {0.272, 0.82, 0.704}, and {0.309, 0.816, 0.677}, respectively. The WMAP 9-year values are taken as the WMAP9+eCMB+BAO+H₀, and Planck 2015 parameter values are taken as Planck TT+TE+EE+lowP+lensing+ext, where “lowP” means low-ℓ polarization data and “ext” means BAO+JLA+H₀.