Planck intermediate results

LIII. Detection of velocity dispersion from the kinetic Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect

¹ APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
² African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, 6-8 Melrose Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town, South Africa
³ Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
⁴ Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
⁵ Astrophysics & Cosmology Research Unit, School of Mathematics, Statistics & Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
⁶ CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada
⁷ CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
⁸ California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
⁹ Computational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
¹⁰ DTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, DK-2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
¹¹ Département de Physique Théorique, Université de Genève, 24, Quai E. Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
¹² Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
¹³ Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, C/Federico García Lorca 18, Oviedo, Spain
¹⁴ Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
¹⁵ Department of Mathematics, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
¹⁶ Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
¹⁷ Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa
¹⁸ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QH, UK
¹⁹ Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
²⁰ Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
²¹ Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
²² Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL, USA
²³ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
²⁴ Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
²⁵ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, P. le A. Moro 2, Roma, Italy
²⁶ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, Milano, Italy
²⁷ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trieste, via A. Valerio 2, Trieste, Italy
²⁸ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Roma, Italy
²⁹ European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
³⁰ European Space Agency, ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
³¹ Gran Sasso Science Institute, INFN, viale F. Crispi 7, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
³² HGSFP and University of Heidelberg, Theoretical Physics Department, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
³³ Haverford College Astronomy Department, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, Pennsylvania, USA
³⁴ Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
³⁵ INAF – OAS Bologna, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica - Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
³⁶ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, Padova, Italy
³⁷ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G.B. Tiepolo 11, Trieste, Italy
³⁸ INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
³⁹ INAF/IASF Milano, Via E. Bassini 15, Milano, Italy
⁴⁰ INFN – CNAF, viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
⁴¹ INFN, Sezione di Bologna, viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
⁴² INFN, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
⁴³ INFN, Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, Milano, Italy
⁴⁴ INFN, Sezione di Roma 1, Università di Roma Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
⁴⁵ INFN, Sezione di Roma 2, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Roma, Italy
⁴⁶ INFN/National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
⁴⁷ Imperial College London, Astrophysics group, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
⁴⁸ Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Bât. 121, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
⁴⁹ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁵⁰ Institute Lorentz, Leiden University, PO Box 9506, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
⁵¹ Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
⁵² Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea s/n, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁵³ Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
⁵⁴ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
⁵⁵ Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
⁵⁶ Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
⁵⁷ Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
⁵⁸ Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, UK
⁵⁹ LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France
⁶⁰ LERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenue de l’Observatoire, Paris, France
⁶¹ Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, 53, rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
⁶² Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Université Paris-Sud 11 & CNRS, Bâtiment 210, 91405 Orsay, France
⁶³ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
⁶⁴ Low Temperature Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, 00076 AALTO, Finland
⁶⁵ Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
⁶⁶ Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey, H5 6NT, UK
⁶⁷ NAOC-UKZN Computational Astrophysics Centre (NUCAC), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000 South Africa
e-mail: ma@ukzn.ac.za
⁶⁸ Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland
⁶⁹ Nordita (Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics), Roslagstullsbacken 23, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
⁷⁰ SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
⁷¹ San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
⁷² School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
⁷³ School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK
⁷⁴ School of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-Sen University, 135 Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, PR China
⁷⁵ School of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala PO, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, 695551 Kerala, India
⁷⁶ Simon Fraser University, Department of Physics, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby BC, Canada
⁷⁷ Sorbonne Université-UPMC, UMR7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁷⁸ Space Research Institute (IKI), Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya Str, 84/32, Moscow, 117997, Russia
⁷⁹ Space Science Data Center - Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
⁸⁰ Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
⁸¹ The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
⁸² UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR7095, 98 bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁸³ Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
⁸⁴ Warsaw University Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland

Received: 2 July 2017
Accepted: 12 June 2018

Abstract

Using the Planck full-mission data, we present a detection of the temperature (and therefore velocity) dispersion due to the kinetic Sunyaev-Zeldovich (kSZ) effect from clusters of galaxies. To suppress the primary CMB and instrumental noise we derive a matched filter and then convolve it with the Planck foreground-cleaned “2D-ILC” maps. By using the Meta Catalogue of X-ray detected Clusters of galaxies (MCXC), we determine the normalized rms dispersion of the temperature fluctuations at the positions of clusters, finding that this shows excess variance compared with the noise expectation. We then build an unbiased statistical estimator of the signal, determining that the normalized mean temperature dispersion of 1526 clusters is 〈(ΔT/T)² 〉 = (1.64 ± 0.48) × 10⁻¹¹. However, comparison with analytic calculations and simulations suggest that around 0.7 σ of this result is due to cluster lensing rather than the kSZ effect. By correcting this, the temperature dispersion is measured to be 〈(ΔT/T)²〉 = (1.35 ± 0.48) × 10⁻¹¹, which gives a detection at the 2.8 σ level. We further convert uniform-weight temperature dispersion into a measurement of the line-of-sight velocity dispersion, by using estimates of the optical depth of each cluster (which introduces additional uncertainty into the estimate). We find that the velocity dispersion is 〈υ²〉 = (123 000 ± 71 000) (km s⁻¹)², which is consistent with findings from other large-scale structure studies, and provides direct evidence of statistical homogeneity on scales of 600 h⁻¹ Mpc. Our study shows the promise of using cross-correlations of the kSZ effect with large-scale structure in order to constrain the growth of structure.