Planck intermediate results

LVI. Detection of the CMB dipole through modulation of the thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect: Eppur si muove II

¹ AIM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
² APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 Rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
³ African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, 6-8 Melrose Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town, South Africa
⁴ Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
⁵ Astrophysics & Cosmology Research Unit, School of Mathematics, Statistics & Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
⁶ CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada
⁷ CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. Colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
⁸ California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
⁹ Computational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
¹⁰ Département de Physique Théorique, Université de Genève, 24, Quai E. Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
¹¹ Département de Physique, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
¹² Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
¹³ Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, C/ Federico García Lorca, 18, Oviedo, Spain
¹⁴ Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
¹⁵ Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, BC, Canada
¹⁶ Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
¹⁷ Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
¹⁸ Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Gustaf Hällströmin Katu 2a, Helsinki, Finland
¹⁹ Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
²⁰ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
²¹ Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
²² Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, P. le A. Moro 2, Roma, Italy
²³ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, Milano, Italy
²⁴ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via A. Valerio 2, Trieste, Italy
²⁵ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, Roma, Italy
²⁶ European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
²⁷ European Space Agency, ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
²⁸ Gran Sasso Science Institute, INFN, Viale F. Crispi 7, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
²⁹ HEP Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
³⁰ Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, Gustaf Hällströmin Katu 2, Helsinki, Finland
³¹ IFPU – Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, Via Beirut 2, 34014 Trieste, Italy
³² INAF – OAS Bologna, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
³³ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, Padova, Italy
³⁴ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, Trieste, Italy
³⁵ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy
³⁶ INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
³⁷ INAF/IASF Milano, Via E. Bassini 15, Milano, Italy
³⁸ INFN – CNAF, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
³⁹ INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
⁴⁰ INFN, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
⁴¹ INFN, Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, Milano, Italy
⁴² INFN, Sezione di Roma 2, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, Roma, Italy
⁴³ Imperial College London, Astrophysics group, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
⁴⁴ Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Bât. 121, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
⁴⁵ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 Bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁴⁶ Institute Lorentz, Leiden University, PO Box 9506, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
⁴⁷ Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
⁴⁸ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea s/n, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁴⁹ Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
⁵⁰ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
⁵¹ Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
⁵² Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
⁵³ Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
⁵⁴ Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, 53, Rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
⁵⁵ Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Université Paris-Sud 11 & CNRS, Bâtiment 210, 91405 Orsay, France
⁵⁶ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
⁵⁷ Low Temperature Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, 00076 Aalto, Finland
⁵⁸ Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
⁵⁹ Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
⁶⁰ National Centre for Nuclear Research, ul. L. Pasteura 7, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
⁶¹ Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada
⁶² SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
⁶³ San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
⁶⁴ School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
⁶⁵ School of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-sen University, 2 Daxue Rd, Tangjia, Zhuhai, PR China
⁶⁶ School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
⁶⁷ School of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala PO, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, 695551 Kerala, India
⁶⁸ Simon Fraser University, Department of Physics, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada
⁶⁹ Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98 Bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁷⁰ Sorbonne Université, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, LERMA, 75005 Paris, France
⁷¹ Space Research Institute (IKI), Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya Str., 84/32, Moscow 117997, Russia
⁷² Space Science Data Center – Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
⁷³ Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
⁷⁴ The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
⁷⁵ Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
⁷⁶ Warsaw University Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland

Received: 30 March 2020
Accepted: 28 August 2020

Abstract

The largest temperature anisotropy in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) is the dipole, which has been measured with increasing accuracy for more than three decades, particularly with the Planck satellite. The simplest interpretation of the dipole is that it is due to our motion with respect to the rest frame of the CMB. Since current CMB experiments infer temperature anisotropies from angular intensity variations, the dipole modulates the temperature anisotropies with the same frequency dependence as the thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich (tSZ) effect. We present the first, and significant, detection of this signal in the tSZ maps and find that it is consistent with direct measurements of the CMB dipole, as expected. The signal contributes power in the tSZ maps, which is modulated in a quadrupolar pattern, and we estimate its contribution to the tSZ bispectrum, noting that it contributes negligible noise to the bispectrum at relevant scales.