Planck intermediate results

XIII. Constraints on peculiar velocities

¹ APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
² Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Metsähovintie 114, 02540 Kylmälä, Finland
³ Academy of Sciences of Tatarstan, Bauman Str., 20, 420111 Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia
⁴ African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, 6-8 Melrose Road, Muizenberg, 7950 Cape Town, South Africa
⁵ Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Science Data Center, c/o ESRIN, via Galileo Galilei, 00044 Frascati, Italy
⁶ Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, 26 Viale Liegi, Roma, Italy
⁷ Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
⁸ CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George St., Toronto ON M5S 3H8, Canada
⁹ CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
¹⁰ California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
¹¹ Centro de Astrofísica, Universidade do Porto, rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal
¹² Centro de Estudios de Física del Cosmos de Aragón (CEFCA), Plaza San Juan, 1, planta 2, 44001 Teruel, Spain
¹³ Computational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
¹⁴ Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
¹⁵ DSM/Irfu/SPP, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
¹⁶ DTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
¹⁷ Département de Physique Théorique, Université de Genève, 24 Quai E. Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
¹⁸ Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Calvo Sotelo s/n, 33007 Oviedo, Spain
¹⁹ Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 Saint George Street, Toronto, Canada
²⁰ Department of Astronomy and Geodesy, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str., 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
²¹ Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
²² Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
²³ Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, Canada
²⁴ Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA 90089, USA
²⁵ Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
²⁶ Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
²⁷ Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
²⁸ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
²⁹ Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
³⁰ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, P. le A. Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
³¹ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
³² Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitàdegli Studi di Trieste, via A. Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
³³ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
³⁴ Dipartimento di Matematica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Roma, Italy
³⁵ Discovery Center, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
³⁶ Dpto. Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
³⁷ European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain
³⁸ European Space Agency, ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
³⁹ Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
⁴⁰ INAF−Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
⁴¹ INAF−Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via di Frascati 33, 00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
⁴² INAF−Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, via G.B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy
⁴³ INAF/IASF Bologna, via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁴⁴ INAF/IASF Milano, via E. Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
⁴⁵ INFN, Sezione di Bologna, via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
⁴⁶ INFN, Sezione di Roma 1, Università di Roma Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
⁴⁷ IUCAA, Post Bag 4, Ganeshkhind, Pune University Campus, 411 007 Pune, India
⁴⁸ Imperial College London, Astrophysics group, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
⁴⁹ Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91125, USA
⁵⁰ Institut Universitaire de France, 103 Bd Saint-Michel, 75005 Paris, France
⁵¹ Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, 91405 Orsay, France
⁵² Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁵³ Institute for Space Sciences, 077125 Bucharest-Magurale, Romania
⁵⁴ Institute of Astro and Particle Physics, Technikerstrasse 25/8, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
⁵⁵ Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 96720 Taipei, Taiwan
⁵⁶ Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
⁵⁷ Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
⁵⁸ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea s/n, 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁵⁹ Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
⁶⁰ Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena CA 91109, USA
⁶¹ Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
⁶² Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
⁶³ LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France
⁶⁴ LERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenue de l’Observatoire, Paris, France
⁶⁵ Laboratoire AIM, IRFU/Service d’Astrophysique − CEA/DSM − CNRS − Université Paris Diderot, Bât. 709, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
⁶⁶ Laboratoire Traitement et Communication de l’Information, CNRS (UMR 5141) and Télécom ParisTech, 46 rue Barrault, 75634 Paris Cedex 13, France
⁶⁷ Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, CNRS/IN2P3, Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, 53 rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
⁶⁸ Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Université Paris-Sud 11 & CNRS, Bâtiment 210, 91405 Orsay, France
⁶⁹ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
⁷⁰ Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
⁷¹ Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstraße, 85748 Garching, Germany
⁷² National University of Ireland, Department of Experimental Physics, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
⁷³ Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
⁷⁴ Observational Cosmology, Mail Stop 367-17, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91125, USA
⁷⁵ Optical Science Laboratory, University College London, Gower Street, London, UK
⁷⁶ SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
⁷⁷ School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
⁷⁸ School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
⁷⁹ Space Research Institute (IKI), Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya Str 84/32, 117997 Moscow, Russia
⁸⁰ Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
⁸¹ Stanford University,Dept of Physics, Varian Physics Bldg, 382 via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California, USA
⁸² TÜBİTAK National Observatory, Akdeniz University Campus, 07058 Antalya, Turkey
⁸³ UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7095, 98 bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁸⁴ Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
⁸⁵ University Observatory, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 Munich, Germany
⁸⁶ University of Granada, Departamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Facultad de Ciencias, 18071 Granada, Spain
⁸⁷ University of Miami, Knight Physics Building, 1320 Campo Sano Dr., Coral Gables, Florida, USA

Received: 15 February 2013
Accepted: 18 November 2013

Abstract

Using Planck data combined with the Meta Catalogue of X-ray detected Clusters of galaxies (MCXC), we address the study of peculiar motions by searching for evidence of the kinetic Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect (kSZ). By implementing various filters designed to extract the kSZ generated at the positions of the clusters, we obtain consistent constraints on the radial peculiar velocity average, root mean square (rms), and local bulk flow amplitude at different depths. For the whole cluster sample of average redshift 0.18, the measured average radial peculiar velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation at that redshift, i.e., the kSZ monopole, amounts to 72 ± 60 km s^-1. This constitutes less than 1% of the relative Hubble velocity of the cluster sample with respect to our local CMB frame. While the linear ΛCDM prediction for the typical cluster radial velocity rms at z = 0.15 is close to 230 km s^-1, the upper limit imposed by Planck data on the cluster subsample corresponds to 800 km s^-1 at 95% confidence level, i.e., about three times higher. Planck data also set strong constraints on the local bulk flow in volumes centred on the Local Group. There is no detection of bulk flow as measured in any comoving sphere extending to the maximum redshift covered by the cluster sample. A blind search for bulk flows in this sample has an upper limit of 254 km s^-1 (95% confidence level) dominated by CMB confusion and instrumental noise, indicating that the Universe is largely homogeneous on Gpc scales. In this context, in conjunction with supernova observations, Planck is able to rule out a large class of inhomogeneous void models as alternatives to dark energy or modified gravity. The Planck constraints on peculiar velocities and bulk flows are thus consistent with the ΛCDM scenario.