Fig. 2

Growth tracks of planets that accrete pebbles in an evolving protoplanetary disc. The big black circular symbols indicate the final mass and position of the planets at tf = 3 Myr, meaning that the planets experience 1 Myr of evolution. The small black dots indicate 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, and 2.8 Myr. In the example of the purple line (r0 = 10 AU), the planet reaches 0.1 AU before the final disc lifetime, and we stop the simulation. The different coloured lines indicate different planetary evolutions, which correspond to different types of planets, where we have an ice giant, a hot gas giant, a cold gas giant, one more ice giant, and two ice planets starting from inside out (see text). The grey line indicates the surface density of pebbles in the disc at 2 Myr and ends at the ice line slightly interior to 1 AU, where the pebble surface density changes.
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