TiO₂ and SiO nucleation rates (top) calculated as part of the cloud formation model and their effect on the number density of cloud particles (middle) and the mean grain size (bottom). The calculations include nucleation, growth/evaporation, element conservation, gravitational settling, and convective replenishment. The same Drift-Phoenix model structure for T_eff = 1600 K, log (g) = 3.0, and solar metallicity as in Fig. 6 was used.