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Table 2

A comparison of the particle sizes and experimental conditions in ice collision studies to date.

Study Size of particle(s) Collision method Surface Relative collision Temperature Pressure
(diameter) properties velocities (m s-1) (K) (mbar)

Hatzes et al. 50 mm ice sphere Pendulum Smooth, roughened 0.00015–0.02 85–145 1.3 × 10-3
(1988) and ice block and frosted 1.3 × 10-4
Higa et al. 30 mm ice sphere Free fall Smooth 0.01–7 113–269 10
(1996 and ice block
Higa et al. 2.8–72 mm Free fall Smooth 0.01–10 261 1000
(1998) sphere and
ice block
Heißelmann 15 mm Pistons, Rough, unfrosted 0.06–0.22 130–180 Not stated
et al. (2010) spheres microgravity but likely to
be around
10-5
Present work 4.7–10.8 mm Pistons, Rough, unfrosted 0.26–0.51 130–160 10-5
spheres and microgravity
fragments

Notes. The particle sizes, collision methods, surface properties, collision velocities, temperature and pressure are all shown for comparison.

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