The enigmatic nature of the circumstellar envelope and bow shock surrounding Betelgeuse as revealed by Herschel - I. Evidence of clumps, multiple arcs, and a linear bar-like structure

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Table 2

Physical parameters of the envelope of Betelgeuse.

Parameter	Value

Photospheric temperature	T_⋆ = 3500 K^a
Stellar radius	R_⋆ = 7.5 × 1 0¹³ cm^a
Stellar mass	M_⋆ = 20 M_⊙^b
Mass loss rate	Ṁ = 2.5 × 10^-6 M_⊙/yr^c
Dust-to-gas ratio	ψ = 0.002^d
Distance	D = 197 pc^e
Terminal wind velociy	v_∞ = 14.5 km s^-1^c
Space velocity w.r.t. ISM	v_⋆ = 28.3 km s^-1^f

References.

^(a)

Rodgers & Glassgold (1991);

^(b)

Dolan et al. (2008);

^(c)

Paper II;

^(d)

Verhoelst et al. (2006);

^(e)

Harper et al. (2008);

^(f)

Ueta et al. (2008).

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