© ESO, 2012

1. Introduction

Red supergiants (RSG) are massive stars that have already ended their hydrogen core-burning phase, and now occupy the reddest part of the Hertszprung-Russell (HR) diagram. Having roughly the same bolometric luminosity as their blue progenitors, with log (L_bol/L_⊙) ~ 4.0−5.8 (Meynet & Maeder 2000), they are extremely luminous sources in the infrared, and this makes them detectable even under heavy interstellar obscuration.

It is this property that has facilitated the discovery of several clusters of RSGs in the region of the Galactic plane spanning from l = 24° to l = 30° (Figer et al. 2006; Davies et al. 2007; Clark et al. 2009b). The line of sight to these clusters crosses several Galactic arms and reaches an area of very high obscuration at roughly the same distance as they do (Negueruela et al. 2010). They also lie amidst an area of high stellar density. Under these conditions, the RSGs are the only discernible population. Using population synthesis models it has been inferred that, to host so many RSGs, the clusters must be very massive (e.g. Davies et al. 2007; Clark et al. 2009a).

Fig. 1 False colour image from 2MASS (blue channel for J band, green for H, and red for KS), covering approx. 13′ × 20′, with the sources under study marked. Labels follow the notation in Table 1. Yellow circles denote the photometric candidates, while spectroscopically confirmed RSGs are marked with a red plus. Blue crosses left for those stars that are late type giants. North is up, east to the left.

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The first cluster found, RSGC1 (Figer et al. 2006), is the innermost, youngest, and most obscured, with an estimated age of τ = 12 ± 2 Myr and M_initial = 3 ± 1 × 10⁴ M_⊙. Alicante 8, located in its inmediate vicinity, seems slightly older and somewhat smaller (Negueruela et al. 2010). Moving outwards from the Galactic centre, the next cluster to be found is RSGC2 = Stephenson 2; it is the least obscured and most massive, with τ = 17 ± 3 Myr and M_initial = 4 ± 1 × 10⁴ (Davies et al. 2007).

RSGC3 is the most isolated of the clusters, around l = 29°. It has an estimated τ = 16−20 Myr and M_initial = 2−4 × 10⁴ M_⊙ (Clark et al. 2009b; Alexander et al. 2009). More interestingly, an extended association of RSGs has been detected around it, harbouring at least another smaller cluster, Alicante 7 (Negueruela et al. 2011, hereafter N11). Photometric studies suggest that the RSGC3 complex contains at least 50 RSGs, pointing towards an initial mass in excess of 60 000 M_⊙, and quite possibly around 100   000 M_⊙ (N11).

To confirm these numbers, it has been shown that medium-resolution spectroscopy is needed. The low temperatures and surface gravities present in RSGs make for a spectrum with very prominent molecular bands, allowing a quick and easy assessment of their nature. Also, with an uncertainty in the velocity along the line of sight (v_los) of 5 kms^-1 it is possible to separate the RSGs pertaining to the foreground Galactic arms from those related to RSGC3 (N11). The two favoured wavelength ranges for this have been the area around the calcium triplet at 8500 Å (N11) and the near infrared CO feature at 2.3 μm (Davies et al. 2007). The former has the advantage of being a much more studied region, where a separation of spectral types is easier, while the latter profits from the intrinsic high luminosity of the sources under study and the higher transparency of the interstellar medium at these wavelengths.

In this work we complement the pilot programme presented in N11 using near-infrared spectroscopy to study some of the more obscured sources around RSGC3.

2. Target selection and observations

RSGC3 appears as a concentration of very bright infrared sources (Clark et al. 2009b; Alexander et al. 2009), but surrounding it there is a more diffuse population of RSGs already pointed out by Clark et al. (2009b), although their study was constrained to a 7′ field. This extended population was addressed, now over a much wider area with a 18′ radius from the cluster centre, in N11. Although the traditional photometric criteria used to pick RSGs fail in very reddened, crowded fields, it is possible to overcome this difficulty using the known properties of the already confirmed members of RSGC3 and infrared photometry (N11).

2.1. Photometric criteria

Using the photometry from 2MASS (Skrutskie et al. 2006), it is possible to define a reddening-free parameter Q = (J − H) − 1.8 × (H − K_S) that allows the separation of early type stars (with Q ≲ 0.0) from late-type main sequence stars and red clump giants (with Q ≳ 0.4). RSGs often deredden to the position of yellow stars (Q ≈ 0.2−0.3), though a non-negligible fraction reach values of Q ≈ 0.4 (Negueruela et al. 2010; Messineo et al. 2012).

For this study the selection criteria are the same as those used in N11. The candidate RSGs must comply with these conditions:

• 1.

  the reddening-free parameter Q should fall between those of red and blue stars: 0.1 ≤ Q ≤ 0.4;

• 2.

  the RSGs surrounding RSGC3 are intrinsically red and expected to be affected by interstellar extinction, so they should have (J − K_S) > 1.3;

• 3.

  the typical magnitudes for the confirmed members of RSGC3 are in the K_S = 5−6 range, so we choose a cutoff at K_S ≤ 7.5 that takes the possible effects of differential extinction in the field into account;

• 4.

  as RSGs have high visible to infrared colours, we impose an additional cut at i > 9.5 using DENIS (Epchtein et al. 1997) when available (since the whole field around RSGC3 is not covered) and USNO-B1.0 elsewhere. The candidates were also checked against DSS2, because they must be invisible in its blue plates.

While in N11 the authors also had the constraint that, to be observable, the sources needed to have i < 15.5, as this study will be carried out in the infrared, we are not affected by it.

There are  ~50 candidates in an area with radius in the range 7′ ≤ r ≤ 20′ around RSGC3. The distribution of these stars is not homogeneous, and some overdensities are evident. While most of them have already been covered in N11, some 16′ southwards of RSGC3 there is a clear group of some 20 candidates. As can be seen in Fig. 1, these stars form a main overdensity composed of ten candidates (labelled Core), flanked by a smaller, isolated blob of three more candidates, 30″ to the east (labelled Halo). Surrounding these two groups there is a more diffuse population of another ten possible RSGs (Near sources). The properties of these objects are listed in Table 1.

2.2. Spectroscopy

Observations were carried out using the VLT (UT3) and ISAAC at Cerro Paranal (Chile), during a run of one night on 2011 July 9. Since velocities along the line of sight are required and the targets are bright, we opted for medium resolution and a 0.3′′ slit, so as to maximize resolving power. Using a central wavelength of 2.27 μm, we were able to cover the CO bandhead at 2.3 μm while avoiding any major telluric absorption. With this setup, the mean measured resolving power is R = 9000.

Although ISAAC is a long-slit spectrograph, it is easy to align two objects over the slit, attaining some multiplexing. To profit from this, we paired our targets according to brightness and distance, so as to always have two targets per pointing. If any object was left out, a small set of fillers was drawn from those stars that in the field that failed one of the selection criteria listed in Sect. 2.1. These sources are listed as complementary targets in Table 1. The programme was complemented with radial velocity standards and some targets from Stephenson 2 (N11). As the stars from this cluster have been observed in the calcium triplet region, they could be used as a test for the infrared spectral classification used here.

Unluckily, the weather was very unstable during the night, resulting in a very variable seeing and time losses due to high wind and clouds. Due to this, only  ~50% of the programme was completed; beyond the stars detailed in Table 1, two stars from Stephenson 2 and two velocity standards were observed. Thanks to the intrinsic brightness of the targets, even under these conditions, very high signal-to-noise ratios can be obtained with short exposure times. The usual ABBA scheme was applied, and with integrations of 15 s we guaranteed a nominal S/N ≥ 500 for all the target stars.

Reduction was performed using IRAF (Tody 1986) standard routines. Flats and arc frames were obtained for each target, and telluric absorption was corrected using an early-type (usually around B9) star observed at roughly the same airmass as the object. These two calibrations are the main source of error in the whole reduction process, so it is important to check their performance before analysing the spectra. We perform these checks using these early-type stars. In the wavelength range observed, these do not present any significant absorption line, and so all the features in a spectrum are telluric effects. We can use these lines to check the stability and accuracy of the wavelength solution adopted, comparing the measured centres of the most significant lines with the same absorptions measured over a telluric absorption template. There is a systematic difference of  −1.1 kms^-1, with a standard deviation of 1.4 kms^-1. While the systematic will be corrected in a later step, this last figure gives us our internal error in velocity. To check the telluric absorption correction, we corrected all the standard stars using their closest match in airmass, and we compared the resultant spectra with a synthetic template. The typical difference is around 2%, although for narrow areas associated with molecular absorption it can reach a maximum of 8%.

3. Spectral classification

3.1. Spectral types and luminosities

	Fig. 2 Calibration of the spectral type, denoted by the numeral N (see text) and the equivalent width of the CO bandhead, EWCO, for giants (filled circles and continuous line) and supergiants (diamonds and dashed line).
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As discussed in Davies et al. (2007) and González-Fernández et al. (2008), the equivalent width of the CO bandhead at 2.3 μm is a good indicator of temperature, and ir can be used for spectral classification. To obtain this equivalent width, we use the wavelength ranges described in Table 2, and the calibration between EW_CO and spectral type from Negueruela et al. (2010).

In that work the authors relate those quantities using the library of Rayner et al. (2009). As can be seen in Fig. 2, if we denote the spectral type by a numeral N (N = 40 for a G0 star, N = 50 for K0, N = 59 for M0 and so forth), this quantity is a linear function of EW_CO in the range 40 < N ≲ 64 (between G0 and M5), both for giants and supergiants: According to Davies et al. (2007) the typical error of this calibration is  ± 2 subtypes, although our very limited sample of stars from Stephenson 2, whose spectral types have been measured in the Ca triplet region, points towards smaller deviations (Table 3). In this error budget the uncertainties in the calculation of EW_CO should be included. According to Vollmann & Eversberg (2006), the error in the derivation of an equivalent width can be approximated by (1)where M is the number of pixels used in the calculation, the mean flux measured in them, and σ(F) the noise associated with this measurement (shot and readout noises, etc.). This, for all our spectra, gives an upper limit for the error of 0.2 Å. We can readily see that this has little significance in calculating the spectral type (less than 0.2 spectral types), and the largest source of error will be that induced by the transformation between N and EW_CO. Due to the limited comparison sample we have for estimating this uncertainty, we use the more conservative error estimation from Davies et al. (2007).

Although clear luminosity indicators in the infrared have not been yet established for this kind of star, it is possible to distinguish between giants and supergiants on the basis of their EW_CO. As explained in Davies et al. (2007), any star with EW_CO ≤  − 24 Å is clearly a class I star, while stars with  −22 ≥ EW_CO ≥  −24 Å are very likely supergiants too, although there are some interlopers of class II/III in this region. Finally, all giants have EW_CO ≥  −22 Å.

Once a spectral type has been assigned to a source based on its EW_CO, since all these sources have 2MASS photometry, it is possible to calculate the colour excess E(J − K_S), which gives us a measure of the interstellar extinction affecting the targets. For this we use the temperature-colour calibration of Levesque et al. (2005). Once a spectral type is known, a temperature can be assigned to the star, and from it a value of (J − K_S)₀ derived. Because giants and supergiants have very similar broad-band colours, we also calculate (J − H)₀ and (H − K_S)₀ using the tabulated values for giants from Straižys & Lazauskaitė (2009), interpolating when necessary. We find both studies to be in very good agreement, with differences in (J − K_S)₀ below 0.02 mag. For a detailed account of these values, see Appendix A. The typical change in colour between consecutive spectral types is Δ(J − K_S)₀ ~ 0.07 for late stars, and so accounting for the  ± 2 spectral types uncertainty associated with the EW_CO calibration implies a  ± 0.15 error in the derived E(J − K_S).

3.2. Radial velocities

Cross correlation against some model spectrum or well-calibrated observation is the most effective way to derive the Doppler shift associated with the displacement of the source along the line of sight. With a proper selection of this spectral template, and assuming that the stellar spectrum under study has enough lines, accuracies as high as  ≲ 10% of the spectral resolution can be achieved.

Because all late type stars present rather similar spectra around 2.3 μm, dominated by molecular absorptions, there is no need to use different templates (as in N11), so we opt to follow the procedure outlined in Davies et al. (2007), using the spectrum of Arcturus, from Hinkle et al. (1995), for comparison. Derived v_los with this method were transformed into the local standard of rest (LSR) reference system using IRAF rvcorrect package, using the standard solar motion (+20 kms^-1 towards l = 56°, b = 23°).

As shown is Sect. 2.2, there is a small systematic residual in our wavelength calibration. This effect adds up with the wavelength displacement of our template spectrum: the data from Hinkle et al. (1995) have not been transformed to any standard frame of reference (LSR or heliocentric). This, along with the Doppler shift of Arcturus, measured at  −5.2 kms^-1 (Massarotti et al. 2008) and its pulsation, introduces an offset in all the velocities derived with this method. We estimate this offset by comparing our results for the velocity standards and the stars from Stephenson 2, as can be seen in Table 4. From these values we obtain a mean shift of  −15.1 kms^-1 and a dispersion of 3 kms^-1. This later amount also serves as the net error in our derived velocities.

4. Results

4.1. Confirmed supergiants

All the photometrically selected targets have EW_CO <  −20 Å (Table 1). This implies that they are luminous, intrinsically red objects, with types above M3 or K6 depending on whether they are giants or supergiants. Of the 15 observed candidates, 11 turned to have EW_CO <  −24, so they are bona fide supergiants. Another object, Core01, is very likely a member of this class, with EW_CO =  −22.3 Å. Although with this equivalent width, this star could be both an M giant or a K supergiant, we opt for the latter classification since it has a Q value consequent with an RSG, plus its E(J − K_S) and v_LSR are very similar to the main body of supergiants (see Table 1 and Fig. 3). This suggests that all the sources lie at roughly the same distance and under the same reddening, so Core01 should then have a similar absolute magnitude to the other RSGs, which is too bright to be a giant.

	Fig. 3 Colour excess versus vLSR for the observed sources. Filled circles denote supergiants, while empty diamonds are for giants. The notation is shorthand for the identificators in Table 1 being C for Core, H for Halo, N for Near and 2 for complementary targets. There is a clear overdensity of RSGs around E(J − KS) = 2.6 and vLSR = 92 km s-1.
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As can be seen in Fig. 3, eight of the RSGs fall in a relatively narrow range of colour excess and velocity, with 85 < v_LSR < 95 kms^-1 and 2.2 < E(J − K_S) < 3.0. This points towards being physically associated, hence forming a new cluster, which we identify as Alicante 10. Although the velocity dispersion might seem high, supergiant clusters are known to show these values (N11). In part, this is due to the intrinsic pulsation of the stars; in Mermilliod et al. (2008) the authors perform several v_los measurements for various red supergiants, finding dispersions as high as 5 kms^-1. This intrinsic variation introduces an extra, non-negligible term to the velocity dispersion of the cluster.

The remaining supergiants, although under a similar amount of extinction, have very different v_LSR, ranging from 42 kms^-1 to 119 kms^-1. Both these velocities and the presence of a cluster will be explored in subsequent sections.

	Fig. 4 K band spectra of the eight proposed members of Alicante 10.
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4.2. The new cluster Alicante 10

The new cluster, Alicante 10 – as for many other RSG clusters – appears to be a rather diffuse blob at bright K_S magnitudes in the redder half of a J − K_S vs. K_S diagram (Fig. 5). Based solely on this diagram, it could be possible to assign some five other sources to the cluster (contained in Table 1), but since it is very hard to differentiate between RSGs and late giants only on photometric grounds, we opted to restrict ourselves to the spectroscopically confirmed membership. This implies that Alicante 10 has a population of some eight RSGs. If the cluster has the same age as its neighbour RSGC3, it would mean an initial mass well in excess of 10 000 M_⊙ and approaching 20   000 M_⊙ (Clark et al. 2009a), although this number decreases significantly with age.

To estimate the distance to the cluster, we rely on the d vs. E(J − K_S) diagram. Using all the red clump giants in an circular area with a radius of 10′ around the cluster and the method described in Cabrera-Lavers et al. (2008), it is possible to sample the extinction along the line of sight. Since this is an in-plane field (hence subject to high reddening) to reach the red clump giants at the same distance as the RSGs of Alicante 10, we need to use GPS-UKIDSS photometry (Warren et al. 2007). The results can be seen in Fig. 6. After a sudden increase at  ~3.5 kpc, the evolution of E(J − K_S) with distance is rather smooth, although its gradient seems to grow with d. The red clump giants reach the mean E(J − K_S) of the RSGs of Alicante 10 around 6 kpc. This estimate is in concordance with the other clusters in the area (N11).

	Fig. 5 Colour magnitude diagram of all the 2MASS sources around 10′ from the centre of Alicante 10. Spectroscopically observed sources are marked with full dots for confirmed RSGs, (black for Alicante 10 members, red for other sources) and diamonds for giants (class III); stars mark photometrically selected candidates whose stellar nature has not been confirmed spectroscopically.
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	Fig. 6 Colour excess as a function of distance, derived using the red clump giants and the methods of Cabrera-Lavers et al. (2008). The striped line marks the mean colour excess of the cluster.
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5. Discussion

5.1. Alicante 10 and its context: the RSGC3 complex

The RSGC3 complex (containing RSGC3, Alicante 7 and Alicante 10) is an area that is particularly rich in supergiants. At least 35 have already been spectroscopically confirmed (Clark et al. 2009b, N11 and this work), although the number is surely much higher, well above 50. Such a concentration of RSGs would imply a very high initial mass, well in excess of 100 000 M_⊙, but whether these stars are indeed an association or just an effect of projection (since the line of sight is tangent to the Scutum/Crux arm or the molecular ring) remains an open question.

We can compare the estimate of the distance based on E(J − K_S) with another one based on the rotation curve of the Galaxy, making use of the measurements of v_LSR. If one assumes a rotation model for the Galaxy, knowing the velocity along the line of sight of a source and its coordinates, it is possible to invert its distance, although degenerate into two values. Because the v_los vs. d is symmetric around its maximum, one usually obtains a near estimate, where the v_los of the sources is reached before the galactocentric tangent point (the maximum of v_los in that line of sight) and another far distance value where the same velocity occurs beyond the tangent point. To break this degeneracy, we use the extinction corrected magnitude K_e. This value only depends on the intrinsic magnitude of the source and its distance. Since we know the colour excess of our stars, we can derive (2)where E(J − K_S) comes from Table 1 and A_J/A_K from Rieke & Lebofsky (1985).

We can compare the measured (v_LSR,K_e) with different analytic curves using several values of M_K, once we assume a model for the rotation curve of the Milky Way (we use Reid et al. 2009). Of these curves, we choose those that fit best the gross of the stars from Alicante 10 and RSGC3. The data for this last cluster are taken from N11, with an updated estimation of the v_LSR (for homogeneity with this work) according to the method described in Negueruela et al. (in prep.). We retain the nomenclature of the authors, since they break down their sources into three fields, one covering RSGC3 (stars named SN, with N from 1 to 5) and two other mapping adjacent locations where other surrogate clusters might be located, Fields 1 and 2 (with notations F1SNN and F2SNN). There is a fourth field in their study (F3SNN), but since it does not contain any spectroscopically confirmed RSG, it has been left out. Apart from RSGC3, the stars in Field 1 are of particular interest, as it is there where the authors find the new cluster Alicante 7. The results of these calculations are displayed in Fig. 7.

As can be seen, once we account for the effect of extinction, the stars from Alicante 10 and RSGC3 have similar infrared brightness, although Alicante 10 seems to have a wider range of variation, particularly towards the faint end. This could be, in part, because the spectra from N11 are gathered in the I band, and this could bias the study against the fainter component of RSGC3, which would remain invisible outside the near infrared.

As shown in the previous section, the bulk of Alicante 10 has a velocity v_LSR = 92 kms^-1, while in Fig. 7 the stars from RSGC3 appear concentrated at v_LSR = 105 kms^-1. This translates into d = 5.9 ± 0.3 kpc for the latter and d = 5.1 ± 0.2 kpc for the former. Although the estimation for RSGC3 agrees nicely with the one based on the red clump method (based on its mean E(J − K_S) the derived distance in N11 is d ~ 6 kpc), this is not the case for Alicante 10. There are several factors that need to be accounted before drawing any conclusion from this difference.

Fig. 7 vLSR versus extinction-corrected magnitude Ke for the observed supergiants. Black dots denote the measurements derived in this work, while red dots are used for those taken from N11. The dashed and dot-dashed lines represent the locus that a supergiant population with mean MK =  −9.3 (that corresponds to the bulk of RSGC3) and MK =  −8.0 (all RSGs are expected to be brighter than this limit, Wood et al. 1983) would occupy assuming the rotation curve from Reid et al. (2009). This work uses Θ0 = 254 kms-1 and R0 = 8.4 kpc. The dotted lines mark the expected velocities of the 3 kpc arm at l = 28° and l = 29°, according to Dame & Thaddeus (2008).

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There are several possible sources of error that need to be examined. Although the derivation of the colour excess depends on a correct estimation of the spectral type, we have already shown that this translates into an uncertainty of  ± 0.15 mag. The luminosity function of the red clump is well calibrated, but it has a minor dependency with metallicity (Cabrera-Lavers et al. 2008). This could result in an extra  ± 0.1 on E(J − K_S). Adding all of these to the uncertainties associated to the transformation from K_S to d for the red clump giants one could push the distance estimation 0.5 kpc away (the typical error found in Cabrera-Lavers et al. 2008), not enough to bring it in agreement with the dynamical estimation.

Beyond the uncertainties of the methods used, some of the underlying assumptions could also be responsible for this behaviour. First, the derivation of K_e for Fig. 7 and of the distance for the red clump method requires the knowledge of A_J/A_K. This coefficient depends mostly on the extinction law assumed. It is known that in the inner Milky Way this law seems to deviate from the standard values assumed by Rieke & Lebofsky (1985) (see for example Nishiyama et al. 2006, 2009). All these works point towards a flattening of the extinction law, leading to more transparency in the K_S band, changing A_J/A_K from the traditional 2.6 to values near 6.0 (Nishiyama et al. 2006). RSGC3 seems to have blown most of the molecular gas in its surroundings (Alexander et al. 2009), while Alicante 10 lies beyond some of this material and close to an active formation region (Fig. 8). This difference in environment could result in different values for A_J/A_K. The presence of this formation region and the gas surrounding it could have another effect. Because the evolution of E(J − K_S) with d from Fig. 6 is measured over a region with r = 10′ around Alicante 10, and the cluster itself occupies only 10% of this area (roughly 6′ × 6′, see Fig. 1), the effect of this high-extinction region could be smeared out, tipping the E(J − K_S) vs. d curve towards higher colour excesses.

Also, the long Galactic bar (Cabrera-Lavers et al. 2008) touches the Galactic arms/molecular ring in the vicinity of RSGC3. The potential and the orbits of a bar like this one are very complex, particularly so near its ends (e.g. Athanassoula et al. 2009). One of the obvious effects would be a break in the circularity of the orbits assumed in Fig. 7, and a difference between photometrically and dynamically derived distances should appear naturally. Sadly, there are no studies or estimations of these effects over other populations to compare our results, and so attributing the results of Fig. 7 and the discrepancy in the estimations of the distance of the effect of the bar only remains a possibility.

As can be seen in Fig. 6 there is a rather steep increase in the extinction beyond 6 kpc. This behaviour it is also visible for RSGC3 (N11), and puts a strict upper limit on the distance to the sources. Since it is a more coherent estimate and requires less assumptions than the one derived from the values of v_LSR, we opt to retain this estimate, concluding that both Alicante 10 and RSGC3 lie roughly at the same distance, 6 kpc.

Beyond its effect on the distance determination, this velocity difference between the two clusters is compatible with their being part of the same association. Similar dispersions have been observed in the molecular complex W43. This molecular cloud, already forming stars, sits just  ~1° away from RSGC3. The observed velocity range of its gas is 80−110 kms^-1, and while physically connected by material, W43-Main and W43-South, the two main clumps, peak at  ~90 kms^-1 and  ~100 kms^-1 respectively (Nguyen Luong et al. 2011).

Fig. 8 Spatial distribution of the sources from this work (red dots) and N11 (yellow dots), plotted over the CO emission (integrated in the range 0 < vLSR < 130 km s-1, the tangent point along the line of sight) taken from the Galactic Ring Survey (Jackson et al. 2006). The yellow dashed circle represents the position of RSGC3 (assuming a radius for the cluster of 7′), and the red dashed circle follows the almost circular shell of the HII region N49 (Watson et al. 2008).

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Based on this, we conclude that the populations of RSGC3 and Alicante 10 are similar, although the population from the latter seems to be slightly fainter, hence might be older. It should be noted that this cluster lies near an active HII region, N49 (Watson et al. 2008). In fact, the RSG Near07 is very close to this region and has a velocity of 104 kms^-1, compatible with that of N49. If this turns out to be a real association would point to an age spread within the RSGC3 complex, although towards younger populations.

5.2. Velocity outliers

Even taking the natural dispersion in v_LSR and K_e into account, there are stars in Fig. 7 that deviate a lot from the bulk of the RSGC3 and Alicante 10 members. While some of them, like Halo01 and F1S04, are compatible in K_e and v_LSR with the rotation curve (these two sources appear to be near the tangent point), other stars seem to deviate a lot from what this curve predicts. As has been stated previously, the interstellar extinction increases dramatically beyond 6 kpc, so it is very unlikely that these sources are at the far distance predicted by the rotation curve. Also, to be at a near distance, they should have M_K >  −8, far below any observed RSG in the Magellanic Clouds (Wood et al. 1983). These stars are listed in Table 5, and we discuss them here in detail.

• F1S01 and Halo02: The former has luminosity class Ib/II, whilethe latter shows EW_CO =  −24.6 Å. This value falls in the lower range for RSGs, and might indicate a relatively high surface gravity, also implying classes Ib or II or a possible high-mass AGB star, which is a classification compatible with their later stellar type. This could point to a lower M_K, and although both stars have very different E(J − K_S), their velocities are compatible with being in the Galactic disk, and they could belong to the near Scutum-Crux arm.

• F1S10 and 2mass07: These stars have v_LSR and K_e compatible with being in the far side of the disk, yet this seems highly unlikely. F1S10 is a class Ib/II source, and it also has a very low colour excess, so it might be a foreground object, much like F1S01 or Halo02. The case of 2mass07 is a bit more complex. While it has EW_CO =  −24.8 Å and, as said before, might be a class Ib/II source, to be a foreground RSG it would need to have M_K ≈  − 6, which is typical of a M3 giant, but these stars, as can be seen in Table 1, have lower EW_CO. Although it could be a carbon-rich giant (with enhanced CO bands), its spectrum lacks all the features of those stars, such as deep CN absorptions. On the other hand, it has E(J − K_S) too low to be on the far disk, and based on this indicator should be in the vicinity of Alicante 10. Its velocity is consistent with what is expected for the 3 kpc arm around l = 29°, with the parametrization of Dame & Thaddeus (2008). If this association should be true, it is very likely that this star is a RSG trapped in the potential of the bar, hence having non-circular motion incompatible with the rotation curves used in Fig. 7.

6. Conclusions

We have conducted a study of a prospective cluster in the neighbourhood of RSGC3. For a number of photometrically selected candidates, spectroscopically based spectral types were obtained, finding that the vast majority of them are red supergiants. Our main results are as follows:

• We confirm the existence of a new RSG cluster in the vicinity ofRSGC3, named Alicante 10.

• This cluster has eight confirmed RSGs, implying a tentative initial mass well in excess of 10   000 M_⊙.

• Although this association needs further study, based on its velocity and distance, Alicante 10 seems to be part of the RSGC3 complex. With the new confirmed RSGs, the census of these stars in the area grows to 35, confirming RSGC3 as one of the most massive events of stellar formation in the Galaxy.

Further spectroscopic and photometric studies of the area will help us understand the nature of this association, particularly its age, distance, and stellar content. Another issue that needs to be tackled is the dynamical complexity of the area, as basic parameters of the long bar, such as its pattern speed or the longitude of its axis, have a strong effect on it but are still poorly constrained.

Acknowledgments

This research is partially supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCINN) under AYA2010-21697-C05-5 and the Consolider-Ingenio 2010 programme grant CSD2006-00070: First Science with the GTC (http://www.iac.es/consolider-ingenio-gtc). This publication made use of data products from the Two Micron All Sky Survey, which is a joint project of the University of Massachusetts and the Infrared Processing and Analysis centre/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Science Foundation. This research made use of Aladin. The DENIS project was partly funded by the SCIENCE and the HCM plans of the European Commission under grants CT920791 and CT940627. It is supported by INSU, MEN and CNRS in France, by the State of Baden-Württemberg in Germany, by DGICYT in Spain, by CNR in Italy, by FFwFBWF in Austria, by FAPESP in Brazil, by OTKA grants F-4239 and F-013990 in Hungary, and by the ESO C&EE grant A-04-046. Jean Claude Renault from IAP was the Project Manager. Observations were carried out thanks to the contribution of numerous students and young scientists from all the involved institutes, under the supervision of P. Fouqué, survey astronomer resident in Chile. The UKIDSS project is defined in Lawrence et al. (2007). UKIDSS uses the UKIRT Wide Field Camera (Casali et al. 2007). The photometric system is described in Hewett et al. (2006), and the calibration is described in Hodgkin et al. (2009). The pipeline processing and science archive are described in Irwin et al. (2009, in prep.) and Hambly et al. (2008). IRAF is distributed by the National Optical Astronomy Observatories, which are operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation.

References

Appendix A: Intrinsic infrared colour calibration for the red supergiants

To derive the colour excesses for RSGs, an estimation of E(J − K_S) is necessary. For these late type stars, the main reference sources are four: Groenewegen (2004), Kučinskas et al. (2005), Levesque et al. (2005), and Straižys & Lazauskaitė (2009). While in the first work the authors centre their study over the supergiant population of the Magellanic clouds, the other three deal with stars located in the disk of the Milky Way. Straižys & Lazauskaitė (2009) and Kučinskas et al. (2005) provide intrinsic colours derived strictly from observations (once extinction is removed, which in itself needs the assumption of a reddening law).

Of these two, Straižys & Lazauskaitė (2009) compile colours for several giants of known spectral type, while in Kučinskas et al. (2005) there is no explicit relation between spectral type and (J − K)₀, as the authors classify their stars on a temperature scale. We transform these into spectral types using the derived temperatures Groenewegen (2004) and Levesque et al. (2005) where available, and using the data from Cenarro et al. (2001) everywhere else (marked with an asterisk in Table A.1).

The other two works rely on synthetic colours calculated with the best-fitting models to a series of spectra. Groenewegen (2004) derives (J − K)₀ directly from these fits while Levesque et al. (2005) establishes a generic relation between temperature and intrinsic colour for the whole synthetic spectra database that can be combined with their own temperature determination to produce the desired (J − K)₀.

All the values in Table A.1 are transformed to the 2MASS photometric system using the updated relations from Carpenter (2001)¹.

Even with these differences in methodology, it can be seen in Table A.1 that the values for (J − K_S)₀ come in good agreement one with another, and yet some differences are obvious. For the earlier types there are are significant deviations beyond the typical error in the colour ( ± 0.05 mag, Straižys & Lazauskaitė 2009), which disappear at K5. Although we opted to combine the colours using a simple mean, it should be noted that other works point towards lower values of (J − K)₀ around the red clump (typically spectral types K0 to K2, see Cabrera-Lavers et al. 2008, and references therein). Also, the photometry from Groenewegen (2004) seems to be offset from the other two works by 0.04 mag. This difference can have two main sources: the authors combine 2MASS and DENIS data, the cross-calibration has a typical error of 0.05 mag, and they choose the reddening law of Draine (2003), which produces a slightly different ratio of E(J − K_S) to A_K. When this work was the only source for (J − K_S)₀, this offset was subtracted.

All Tables

All Figures

	Fig. 1 False colour image from 2MASS (blue channel for J band, green for H, and red for KS), covering approx. 13′ × 20′, with the sources under study marked. Labels follow the notation in Table 1. Yellow circles denote the photometric candidates, while spectroscopically confirmed RSGs are marked with a red plus. Blue crosses left for those stars that are late type giants. North is up, east to the left.
Open with DEXTER
In the text

	Fig. 2 Calibration of the spectral type, denoted by the numeral N (see text) and the equivalent width of the CO bandhead, EWCO, for giants (filled circles and continuous line) and supergiants (diamonds and dashed line).
Open with DEXTER
In the text

	Fig. 3 Colour excess versus vLSR for the observed sources. Filled circles denote supergiants, while empty diamonds are for giants. The notation is shorthand for the identificators in Table 1 being C for Core, H for Halo, N for Near and 2 for complementary targets. There is a clear overdensity of RSGs around E(J − KS) = 2.6 and vLSR = 92 km s-1.
Open with DEXTER
In the text

	Fig. 4 K band spectra of the eight proposed members of Alicante 10.
Open with DEXTER
In the text

	Fig. 5 Colour magnitude diagram of all the 2MASS sources around 10′ from the centre of Alicante 10. Spectroscopically observed sources are marked with full dots for confirmed RSGs, (black for Alicante 10 members, red for other sources) and diamonds for giants (class III); stars mark photometrically selected candidates whose stellar nature has not been confirmed spectroscopically.
Open with DEXTER
In the text

	Fig. 6 Colour excess as a function of distance, derived using the red clump giants and the methods of Cabrera-Lavers et al. (2008). The striped line marks the mean colour excess of the cluster.
Open with DEXTER
In the text

	Fig. 7 vLSR versus extinction-corrected magnitude Ke for the observed supergiants. Black dots denote the measurements derived in this work, while red dots are used for those taken from N11. The dashed and dot-dashed lines represent the locus that a supergiant population with mean MK =  −9.3 (that corresponds to the bulk of RSGC3) and MK =  −8.0 (all RSGs are expected to be brighter than this limit, Wood et al. 1983) would occupy assuming the rotation curve from Reid et al. (2009). This work uses Θ0 = 254 kms-1 and R0 = 8.4 kpc. The dotted lines mark the expected velocities of the 3 kpc arm at l = 28° and l = 29°, according to Dame & Thaddeus (2008).
Open with DEXTER
In the text

	Fig. 8 Spatial distribution of the sources from this work (red dots) and N11 (yellow dots), plotted over the CO emission (integrated in the range 0 < vLSR < 130 km s-1, the tangent point along the line of sight) taken from the Galactic Ring Survey (Jackson et al. 2006). The yellow dashed circle represents the position of RSGC3 (assuming a radius for the cluster of 7′), and the red dashed circle follows the almost circular shell of the HII region N49 (Watson et al. 2008).
Open with DEXTER
In the text