Free Access

Table 1

Parameters of the 3D hydrodynamic simulations.

 ⟨ Teff ⟩ a log g  [Fe/H]  x, y, z-dimensions Timeb tgranc tradd
 [K]   [cgs]   [Mm]   [h]   [h]   [h] 

5140 2.2  −3.0 1150 × 1150 × 430 28 20 3.5
5080 2.2  −2.0 1150 × 1150 × 430 28 20 1.5
6510 4.04  −3.0 21.4 × 21.4 × 8.35 1.3 0.3 0.15

Notes. 

(a)

Temporal average of the emergent effective temperatures.

(b)

Time span of the simulations.

(c)

Average granule lifetime.

(d)

Radiative heating timescale when switching to scattering as true absorption in the upper photosphere.

Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.

Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.

Initial download of the metrics may take a while.