© ESO, 2011

1. Introduction

Interactions between stars and their giant planets have received considerable attention during the last years. Since the discovery of 51 Peg b, a Jupiter-like planet in a four-day orbit around a solar-like star, the influence of stellar irradiation on planetary atmospheres has been investigated by various authors (cf. Lammer et al. 2003; Lecavelier Des Etangs 2007; Erkaev et al. 2007), as have possible effects that giant planets may have on their host star’s activity. These star-planet interactions (SPI) are thought to happen via one of two major scenarios (Cuntz et al. 2000), either tidal or magnetic interaction. In the tidal interaction process, the planet induces tidal bulges on the surface of the star, which can cause enhanced stellar activity through increased turbulence in the photosphere. Magnetic interactions can increase stellar activity via magnetic reconnection of planetary and stellar magnetic field lines (Lanza 2008), or via Jupiter-Io-like interaction, i.e. flux tubes that connect star and planet and heat the stellar atmosphere at their footpoints (Goldreich & Lynden-Bell 1969; Schmitt 2009).

There have been dedicated searches for observational signatures of SPI in stellar chromospheres. Shkolnik et al. (2005) investigated 13 stars and found for two stars variations in the Ca ii K line core fluxes, a common chromospheric activity indicator, which were in phase with the planetary orbit. That flux excesses appeared once per orbit and not twice suggests that magnetic and not tidal interaction might have been at work. A follow-up study (Shkolnik et al. 2008) found variability with the planetary orbit only for one of the targets during 2005; for other observation times and other targets, only a variability with the stellar rotation period was found. This was interpreted as on/off behavior of SPI; theoretical considerations also show that possible SPI signatures can be variable in time given the changing magnetic configurations in stellar atmospheres (Cranmer & Saar 2007).

Other studies extended the search for SPI signatures into the X-ray regime to test for coronal activity changes in addition to the chromospheric hints found before. A statistical study by Kashyap et al. (2008) claimed that stars with close-in planets are over-active by a factor of four in X-rays, but these authors had to use a large number of upper limits. Poppenhaeger et al. (2010) investigated a complete sample of all planet-bearing stars within 30 pc distance and found no correlation between stellar activity and planetary distance or mass that could not be traced back to selection effects. Scharf (2010) investigated a smaller sample of planet-hosting stars at distances of up to 60 pc and found a correlation of stellar X-ray luminosity and planetary mass for very close planets; however, selection effects could not be ruled out for the low-mass planets (M_p < 0.1   M_J) in the sample.

We here investigate the υ And (HD 9826) system for SPI signatures in chromospheric as well as coronal data. The system is one of the star-planet systems with available observations of time-variable (in terms of on/off behavior) SPI signatures as published in Shkolnik et al. (2005, 2008). υ And is an F8V star, orbited by a massive planet (0.69   M_J) in a 4.6 d (a = 0.059 AU) orbit, as well as by two other planets at much larger distances. This makes υ And a very suitable candidate to search for SPI signatures.

To look for signatures of SPI, we observed the υ And system for the first time nearly simultaneously at optical and X-ray wavelengths, thus testing for chromospheric as well as coronal variability. Because stellar activity in general and expected SPI signatures in particular do not have to be constant in time, it is important to observe the stellar chromosphere and corona at close time epochs.

2. Observations and data analysis

Our optical data were obtained with the FOCES echelle spectrograph (Pfeiffer et al. 1998) at Calar Alto, Spain, and with HRS (Tull 1998), the echelle spectrograph mounted at HET in Texas, US. The X-ray data were collected with the Chandra X-ray Observatory. A complete list of our observations is given in Table 1.

2.1. Optical data from FOCES

We obtained 23 spectra of υ And with the FOCES echelle spectrograph installed at the 2.2 m telescope at Calar Alto from July to December 2009, when one spectrum per night was taken. The 14 spectra obtained during July were recorded with the LOR#11i detector with 15 μm pixel size, the other 9 spectra were recorded with the Site#1d detector with 24 μm pixel size, all with an exposure time of 900 s. The covered wavelength range was 3900−9500 Å.

The data were reduced with Calar Alto’s standard echelle extraction routine d2.pro written in IDL (available from the Calar Alto data server ftp.caha.es). Mean dark frames were subtracted from the nightly spectra, which were then normalized using mean flat fields taken prior to the observations. Wavelength calibration was done with Thorium-Argon frames taken during the same night. The spectral resolution as inferred from the FWHM of ThAr lines is R ~ 30   000. Since not all of our spectra have ThAr frames taken directly before or after the observation, we cross-correlated the spectra around the Ca ii H and K lines and shifted the wavelength axis correspondingly. This deprives us of the possibility to study RV shifts, but does not interfere with our analysis of flux excesses in the Ca ii H and K line cores.

A typical spectrum of the Ca ii H and K lines of υ And is shown in Fig. 1. The reversals in the two line cores are weak, but clearly visible. Because of the very small emission peaks and since activity affects the K line profile more strongly than the H line profile (see for example Hall et al. 2007), we concentrate on the K line here. The signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of the final spectra is at  ≈150   pixel^-1 (≈860   Å^-1) in the quasi-continuum between the H and K line and at  ≈40   pixel^-1 ( ≈ 230   Å^-1) in the line cores, summing up to S/N ≈ 150 in the complete line cores, which stretch over ca. 33 pixels each.

Fig. 1 Typical spectrum of υ And recorded with FOCES. The reversals in the Ca ii H and K line cores (dashed boxes) are weak.

The spectra were normalized by setting the flux of one template spectrum at 3929.5 Å to unity, giving a comparable normalization to the one used by Shkolnik et al. (2005). The remaining spectra were normalized by minimizing the scatter of the flux in two areas to the left and right of the Ca ii K line reversal, specifically in the 3930 − 3932 Å and 3934 − 3936 Å range. Later on, a mean spectrum was subtracted from the individual spectra to determine the flux variations in the line cores (see Sect. 3.1). We tested that shifting the normalization areas by 1 − 2 Å outward from the line cores does not significantly change our results. To further test if our normalization method might introduce false variability signals, we also applied our procedure to the Al i line near 3944 Å, a photospheric line that should show no activity-related variations. In that part of the spectra, the multitude of lines present makes the normalization less exact, causing a higher overall scatter between the normalized spectra, specifically a noise level of 1σ ≈ 0.03 in the chosen normalization. However, the magnitude of the residuals of the individual spectra compared with the mean spectrum does not change near the Al i line, although it has a comparable depth to the Ca ii lines, indicating that the method itself does not produce false variability signals between the two normalization areas.

For the subsequent analysis, the residuals at the Ca ii K line core were integrated over a central range of 1   Å. The corresponding error bars were calculated by estimating the statistical error in each bin to be the standard deviation of the residuals in the normalization ranges, and then calculating the 2σ error in the integrated area under the Ca ii K line center by Monte-Carlo simulations.

2.2. Optical data from HRS

Nine spectra were taken with the HRS instrument at the HET with a resolution of R ~ 60   000. The data reduction was similar to the FOCES data reduction except for the use of flatfields. The HRS flatfields are taken with a separate, wider calibration fiber to allow 2D-flatfielding. However, the orders of the calibration fiber overlap in the Ca ii K region of the flatfields and thus could not be used. We tried to use standard star data as a surrogate for a flatfield, but this added a lot of noise because of their relatively low data quality. To preserve the signal-to-noise ratio of the spectra (S/N ≈ 90   pixel^-1 ≈ 520   Å^-1 in the Ca ii K core) we reduced the data without flatfielding.

A consequence of the lacking flatfields is that a direct comparison between the data from FOCES and HRS is not possible. We experimented with artificial, polynomial fits to the continua to obtain comparable line shapes in the Ca ii K line, but did not achieve an acceptable solution. As a result the two data sets had to be analyzed individually.

The HRS spectra were normalized by first setting their flux at 3929.5 Å to unity. Then a reference spectrum was chosen and a polynomial was fitted to the quotient of each spectrum and the reference spectrum that represents the missing flatfield. The Ca ii K line was omitted from the fitting to avoid removing any variability in the line core. Each spectrum was divided by its fit to receive the normalized spectra.

2.3. X-ray data

We observed the υ And system with the Chandra X-ray telescope in four pointings of 15 ks ( ≈ 4 h) each. These observations were scheduled in a way that two of them cover the projected maximum and two the projected minimum SPI-activity times, as inferred from optical observations done by Shkolnik et al. (2005, see Table 1). Because SPI can depend on numerous factors such as the stellar magnetic field configuration, SPI signatures are expected to be time-variable (Cranmer & Saar 2007; Shkolnik et al. 2008). It is unlikely, consequently, that we will find SPI in exactly the same configuration as the system exhibited in the chromospheric data from 2005; however, our observational schedule of two observations each that are spaced apart one half of an orbital period is suited to uncover signatures of planet-induced coronal hot spots.

Fig. 2 Variability in Ca ii K line cores of the FOCES 15   μ data. Upper panel: normalized mean spectrum; middle panel: residual flux with the same normalization; lower panel: flux variation in standard deviations.

Fig. 3 Same as Fig. 2, but for HRS data.

The data were reduced using standard procedures of the CIAO v.4.2 software package. υ And emits soft X-ray radiation with practically all photons having energies below 2 keV, its mean X-ray count rate is  ≈0.025 cts/s in the 0.4−2 keV energy band. We produced light curves with 1 ks binning to obtain acceptable error bars as well as sufficient time resolution to identify possible flares. For the spectra we used energy bins with at least 15 counts per bin for decent statistics. The spectral fitting was performed with Xspec v12.5.

Because υ And is an optically rather bright star (m_V = 4.09), the data were collected with a reduced frame time of 0.74 s. Additionally, we only use data at energies above 400 eV to exclude possible optical contaminations at the low-energy sensitivity end of the detector.

3. Results

3.1. Chromospheric activity

Following Shkolnik et al. (2005), we computed separate median spectra for the FOCES and the HRS data and computed the residual fluxes of each spectrum compared with the respective median spectrum by subtracting the median spectra binwise from the individual spectra. We also computed the variation measured in standard deviations by dividing the residuals by the poissonian flux error of each bin of the individual spectra, neglecting the error in the median spectra. The results for the 15 μ data, smoothed by 15 bins (≈0.45   Å), are shown in Fig. 2. For the 15 μ data, which were recorded in July 2009 under very favorable weather conditions, we find variations in the Ca ii K line core at  ≈2σ levels; the HRS data show similar variation (Fig. 3), while for the 24 μ data, the overall noise level is so high that no additional variability in the line core can be identified by naked-eye inspection.

The HRS residuals show variations over a region broader than the Ca ii K line core. To the sides of the cores, the residuals also exhibit some broad, wave-like structure. This pattern is probably caused by our normalization; we had to use a polynomial fit to substitute the missing flatfields that apparently does not entirely capture the region around the K line. Nevertheless, the residuals at the K line core exceed the variations outside the core, and therefore we believe that at least some of the core variation is real. Varying the footpoints chosen for the polynomial fit does not significantly change the residuals. Thus, the signal of the K residuals is stable against normalization, but the total uncertainty in the Ca ii K line core residuals may contain quite large errors. To estimate the magnitude of these errors, we note that the variation outside the K line core is at a flux level of  ±0.01; integrated over the 33 pixels line core, this yields an additional uncertainty of 0.33, which we add to our nominal errors of the integrated residuals.

The magnitude of the K line fluctuations, measured in relative flux deviations, is at a  ±0.02 level in our chosen normalization, with an overall noise level of  ±0.01. Shkolnik et al. (2005) found for υ And a variation at a  ±0.01 level and an overall noise level of  ±0.002. Our noise level is much higher with  ± 0.01, and so we interpret our  ±0.02 variation in the core to be consistent with the previously found level of  ±0.01; however, given the time-dependence of activity features in stellar chromospheres, one could also expect a differing level of variability.

The Ca ii K line core fits into an interval of  ≈1   Å width, see for example Hall et al. (2007) and our data in Fig. 2. We therefore integrate the K line residuals from 3932.5−3933.5 Å to obtain a measure for the total variation per spectrum. The crucial question now is whether there is a periodicity in this signal, and if there is, which period can be associated with it.

Fig. 4 Time series of Ca ii residuals with the highest probability period (9.5 d) indicated by the dotted line; red triangles and orange diamonds are 15   μ and 24   μ data from FOCES, green boxes are scaled-down HRS data with the same periodicity indicated. Chandra observation dates are indicated by vertical solid lines.

Fig. 5 Lomb-Scargle periodogram of Ca ii K line residuals (weighted by their respective errors) with nominal false-alarm probabilities given by the horizontal lines (see text).

The timeseries of our integrated residuals is shown in Fig. 4. The FOCES 15 μ data show already by naked-eye inspection a variability that tracks slightly more than one cycle of a presumably sinusoidal variation with a periodicity of about eight to nine days. As discussed in Sect. 2.2, the spectra from FOCES and HET cannot be absolutely calibrated with respect to each other, and therefore the calculated residuals are not comparable on an absolute scale either. Thus we proceeded as follows: first, we calculated a Lomb-Scargle periodogram (Lomb 1976; Scargle 1982) of the collected optical data from FOCES, weighting the data points with their respective errors (see Gilliland & Baliunas 1987). This yields three significant peaks with false-alarm probabilities (FAP) below 5%, corresponding to periods of P = 9.3 d, 8.7 d, and 8.2 d, sorted by descending significance. Then, we calculated a weighted Lomb-Scargle periodogram for the HRS data alone. This yields no significant periods with FAP below 20%, which could be expected because there are only nine data points from HRS, distributed over more than three months. Finally, we tried to combine the HRS and FOCES residuals ad hoc by scaling down the HRS residuals by a factor of 0.4 so that the highest and lowest values approximately match in both datasets. This is a crude approximation at best; in the Lomb-Scargle periodogram, a possibly wrong scaling will lead to incorrect FAPs, but prominent peaks should still be reproduced reliably. We note here that this scaling also roughly fits with the additional variation level outside the line core that is present in the HRS data mentioned above. The result of our periodicity test is shown in Fig. 5. The periodogram of the combined data exhibits the strongest peak at P = 9.5 d with a nominal FAP of 0.9% (keeping in mind that the FAPs may be unreliable for the combined data set). The important point here is that we see a single, isolated main peak at a period that is also found in the FOCES data alone. In contrast to this, near the planetary orbital period of 4.6 d, or half its value, no significant peak appears in any of the periodograms. The periodicities are also clearly reflected in Figs. 6 and 7, where we show the variability of the residuals over the stellar rotation period and the planetary orbital period.

Fig. 6 Ca ii K line residuals phase-folded with a period of 9.5 d, presumably the stellar rotation period. Red triangles and orange diamonds are FOCES 15   μ/24   μ data, green squares are HRS data.

Fig. 7 Same as Fig. 6, but folded with the planetary orbital period of 4.6 d.

For testing purposes, we subtracted the 9.5 d periodicity from our data to see if the remaining residuals exhibit other periodicities (such as with the orbital period). However, a periodogram of these residuals does not yield other significant periods. Given the expected variability of SPI signatures with time (Shkolnik et al. 2008), we also tried searching for periodicities in subgroups of our data, but the number of data points is not high enough to allow for significant period detection then.

If one chooses to interpret these findings as signatures of periodic activity variations, they are probably associated with the stellar rotation period. The star’s rotational velocity vsini was measured to be 9.5 ± 0.4 km s^-1 by Gonzalez et al. (2010), its radius is computed by Henry et al. (2000) from stellar parameters as 1.6   R_⊙, yielding a rotation period of  ≈ 8.5 d, with rather large, but difficult to quantify errors, since the stellar radius was not determined observationally. Wright et al. (2004) give a rotational period of 12 d from spectroscopic monitoring; Henry et al. (2000) find only weak signatures of rotational modulation with periods of 11 d and 19 d respectively in two different data sets. They also state that the difference of the spectroscopically derived periods to the estimate derived from vsini measurements might be caused by differential rotation. Still, this stellar rotation period fits the possible periodic signal in our data better than the orbital period of the Hot Jupiter of 4.6 d. Additionally, we have a subset of our data consisting of nightly measurements in July 2010, which closely tracks one complete sinusoidal variation of  ≈9 d period, making it rather unlikely that we see an alias of the planetary period here, but not the period of 4.6 d itself. This suggests that we see typical low-level stellar activity variations with the stellar rotation period that are not induced by SPI.

3.2. Coronal activity

We extracted X-ray lightcurves of υ And with 1 ks binning in the 0.4 − 2.0 keV energy band. The lightcurves (see Fig. 8) show variability at 50% level, but no large flares. The mean count rate is constant in observations 1, 2, and 4; the third observation’s mean count rate is somewhat lower by 25%. Applying the concept of mean average deviation (MAD) that was used in Shkolnik et al. (2008), we find that the MADs of all but the third observation are similar (0.0063, 0.0060 and 0.0070), whereas the third observation has a MAD that is also lower by  ≈ 25% compared with the rest (0.0046).

Fig. 8 Background-subtracted X-ray lightcurves of υ And, taken with Chandra ACIS-S in the 0.4 − 2.0 keV energy band, with expected SPI states according to Shkolnik et al. (2005) and MAD values indicated.

Fig. 9 Chandra ACIS-S spectrum of υ And extracted from a single 15 ks exposure. Strong emission in the iron line complexes around 800 eV is visible.

A typical X-ray spectrum of υ And is shown in Fig. 9; these spectra have a total amount of  ≈ 450 source counts, binned by 15 counts as a minimum to allow χ² statistics. The spectra of all four pointings cannot be satisfactorily fitted with thermal plasma models with solar abundances and one or two temperature components, while a one-temperature model with variable elemental abundances yields acceptable fits. The results of the spectral fitting performed in Xspec v.12.5 are given in Table 2; the abundances are given with regard to Grevesse & Sauval (1998). The modeled elemental abundances are interdependent with the derived emission measure, and different combinations of both parameters lead to very similar results. For example, the best fits of the first and last observation give lower abundances and higher emission measures than the fits of the other two pointings, but fixing the abundances to the values of the other observations yields comparable emission measures and almost the same fit quality.

Within errors, the spectral properties of all four observations are similar. The plasma temperature is fairly low with  ≈3 MK. The elemental abundances show a FIP effect, because elements with high first ionization potentials such as oxygen and neon are underabundant compared with iron with a low FIP (which has solar abundance in our fit). This is typical for stars with low to moderate coronal activity, which is determined by the activity indicator log L_X/L_bol <  −4. υ And’s mean X-ray luminosity in these observations is 27.6 erg s^-1, its bolometric luminosity is calculated according to Flower (1996) from m_V = 4.09 and B − V = 0.54 to be 3.3   L_bol ⊙  and therefore its activity indicator is L_X/L_bol =  −6.5, marking υ And as a fairly inactive star.

If the chromospheric data really track the stellar rotation, one might expect to see variability with that period in X-rays as well. This is different from the expected minima and maxima mentioned in Table 1, since we are now dealing with the chromospheric variability from our nearly-simultaneous optical data with a period of 9.5 d. We indicated the times of the Chandra pointings as solid vertical lines in Fig. 4; they correspond to rotational phases of 0.64, 0.83, 0.33, and 0.57 as given in Fig. 6. This means that the first, third, and last observation took place at times where the chromospheric activity was (by comparison) high, while the second observation was conducted at moderate chromospheric activity. The mean count rate and mean X-ray luminosity is lower in observation three, but observation two yields values comparable with the first and last observation. We conclude that the coronal activity seems to be dominated by short-term statistical variations and not by the periodicity seen in the chromospheric data.

4. Discussion

Searching for signatures of SPI in stellar coronae has proven to be a subtle task. Initial chromospheric measurements indicated that HD 179949’s and υ And’s chromospheric Ca ii fluxes varied with the respective planetary period, but follow-up observations detected dominant variability with the stellar rotation period for several observational epochs. Previous attempts to observe possible SPI signatures in X-rays yielded detections of some activity features such as flares or elevated mean countrates, but attributing these effects unambiguously to SPI is difficult (Pillitteri et al. 2010; Saar et al. 2008).

The υ And system was one of the prime suspects for observing SPI at work in individual star-planet systems based upon chromospheric observations (Shkolnik et al. 2005). However, our observations of the system do not show any significant variations that could be attributed to planetary effects. The variations in the chromospheric Ca ii K line cores are small and are consistent with the stellar rotation period. The magnitude of the variations is  ≈ 0.6% of the flux in the pseudo-continuum between the Ca ii H and K line. From optical and X-ray monitoring of stars such as 61 Cyg (Hempelmann et al. 2006) we know that changes in the S-index (counts in Ca ii H and K lines normalized by counts in continuum stretches) of  ± 15% translate to changes in the 0.2 − 2.0 keV X-ray band of  ± 40%. Accordingly, the extremely small chromospheric variations of υ And should, if ruled by the same activity effects, cause coronal variations of less than two percent over one stellar rotation period. This is much lower than the typical intrinsic variation level of a late-type star. One would only expect strong SPI signatures in X-rays here if the SPI mechanism is fundamentally different from normal activity processes, for example, if SPI happened via Jupiter-Io-like interactions where the star and its close planet are connected by flux tubes (which cannot be the case for the υ And system since the stellar rotation period is longer than the planetary orbital period). If therefore SPI signatures are ruled by similar processes as general stellar activity, it is expected that for low-activity stars possible X-ray SPI effects can hide in the intrinsic stellar variability level. For the corona and the chromosphere of υ And we see that the star does not show any signs of planet-induced activity at the epoch of our observations; it is instead a low-activity star with some indication for rotational modulation in chromospheric emissions.

From this data and other searches for SPI signatures, it seems that stars with low to moderate activity do only exhibit very low levels of SPI effects. To unambiguously detect SPI signatures in the future, stars with extremely close-in planets (<2 d) will be the most promising candidates. According to recent models (Lanza 2009), magnetic SPI can occur not only through reconnection between the stellar and planetary magnetic field lines, but also by the planetary field that disturbs stellar magnetic loops that have stored energy by normal stellar activity processes and triggers the release of energy. The analysis of observational data (Shkolnik et al. 2008) has also shown that signatures of SPI may be detectable only at certain time epochs, presumably depending on the changing configuration of stellar and planetary magnetic fields. Stars with higher activity levels and larger coronal loops could be rewarding targets for SPI searches if observed with good phase coverage and higher S/N to enable a differentiation between intrinsic stellar variability and SPI effects.

5. Conclusions

Our main results are summarized as follows:

• 1.

  υ And is a star of low chromospheric activity, with the coronal activity consistently being at a low level as well, indicated by the coronal activity indicator log L_X/L_bol =  −6.5.

• 2.

  Our data show variations of the Ca ii K line core emission compared to the mean spectrum. These variations have a period of  ≈ 9.5 d, close to the stellar rotation period of  ≈ 8.5 d.

• 3.

  The X-ray data do not show significant changes between expected SPI maximum and minimum states, neither in the lightcurves nor in the spectra. The spectra show a FIP effect, with iron being overabundant by a factor of  ≈ 4 compared to neon, typical for stars with low to moderate X-ray activity.

• 4.

  In our observations, the υ And system does not show signatures of star-planet interactions. The periodicity observed in chromospheric activity indicators is very close to the calculated stellar rotation period and is therefore probably induced by non-SPI-related active regions on the star. Gaining observational evidence for star-planet interactions in X-rays remains a challenge.

Acknowledgments

K.P. acknowledges financial support from DLR grant 50OR0703. A.R. acknowledges research funding from the DFG under RE 1664/4–1. This work is based on observations obtained with Chandra X-ray Observatory, FOCES at Calar Alto and HRS at the Hobby-Eberly Telescope, Texas. The Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET) is a joint project of the University of Texas at Austin, the Pennsylvania State University, Stanford University, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, and Georg-August-Universität Göttingen. The HET is named in honor of its principal benefactors, William P. Hobby and Robert E. Eberly.

References

All Tables

All Figures

	Fig. 1 Typical spectrum of υ And recorded with FOCES. The reversals in the Ca ii H and K line cores (dashed boxes) are weak.
In the text

	Fig. 2 Variability in Ca ii K line cores of the FOCES 15   μ data. Upper panel: normalized mean spectrum; middle panel: residual flux with the same normalization; lower panel: flux variation in standard deviations.
In the text

	Fig. 3 Same as Fig. 2, but for HRS data.
In the text

	Fig. 4 Time series of Ca ii residuals with the highest probability period (9.5 d) indicated by the dotted line; red triangles and orange diamonds are 15   μ and 24   μ data from FOCES, green boxes are scaled-down HRS data with the same periodicity indicated. Chandra observation dates are indicated by vertical solid lines.
In the text

	Fig. 5 Lomb-Scargle periodogram of Ca ii K line residuals (weighted by their respective errors) with nominal false-alarm probabilities given by the horizontal lines (see text).
In the text

	Fig. 6 Ca ii K line residuals phase-folded with a period of 9.5 d, presumably the stellar rotation period. Red triangles and orange diamonds are FOCES 15   μ/24   μ data, green squares are HRS data.
In the text

	Fig. 7 Same as Fig. 6, but folded with the planetary orbital period of 4.6 d.
In the text

	Fig. 8 Background-subtracted X-ray lightcurves of υ And, taken with Chandra ACIS-S in the 0.4 − 2.0 keV energy band, with expected SPI states according to Shkolnik et al. (2005) and MAD values indicated.
In the text

	Fig. 9 Chandra ACIS-S spectrum of υ And extracted from a single 15 ks exposure. Strong emission in the iron line complexes around 800 eV is visible.
In the text