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A&A
Volume 516, June-July 2010
Article Number A42
Number of page(s) 14
Section Stellar structure and evolution
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201014266
Published online 24 June 2010
A&A 516, A42 (2010)

Absolute dimensions of eclipsing binaries

XXVIII. BK Pegasi and other F-type binaries: Prospects for calibration of convective core overshoot[*],[*]

J. V. Clausen1 - S. Frandsen2 - H. Bruntt3,4 - E. H. Olsen1 - B. E. Helt1 - K. Gregersen1 - D. Juncher1 - P. Krogstrup1

1 - Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen University, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
2 - Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
3 - Observatoire de Paris, LESIA, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 95195 Meudon, France
4 - Sydney Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia

Received 16 February 2010 / Accepted 26 March 2010

Abstract
Context. Double-lined, detached eclipsing binaries are our main source for accurate stellar masses and radii. In this paper we focus on the 1.15-1.70 $M_{\odot }$ interval where convective core overshoot is gradually ramped up in theoretical evolutionary models.
Aims. We aim to determine absolute dimensions and abundances for the F-type detached eclipsing binary BK Peg, and to perform a detailed comparison with results from recent stellar evolutionary models, including a sample of previously studied systems with accurate parameters.
Methods. uvby light curves and $uvby\beta$ standard photometry were obtained with the Strömgren Automatic Telescope, ESO, La Silla, and high-resolution spectra were acquired with the FIES spectrograph at the Nordic Optical Telescope, La Palma.
Results. The $5\hbox{$.\!\!^{\rm d}$ }49$period orbit of BK Peg is slightly eccentric (e = 0.053). The two components are quite different with masses and radii of ( $1.414 \pm 0.007$ $M_{\odot }$, $1.988 \pm 0.008$$R_{\hbox{$\odot$ }}$) and ( $1.257 \pm 0.005$ $M_{\odot }$, $1.474 \pm 0.017$$R_{\hbox{$\odot$ }}$), respectively. The measured rotational velocities are $16.6 \pm 0.2$ (primary) and $13.4 \pm 0.2$ (secondary) kms-1. For the secondary component this corresponds to (pseudo)synchronous rotation, whereas the primary component seems to rotate at a slightly lower rate. We derive an iron abundance of $[{\rm Fe/H}]$  $=-0.12~\pm~0.07$and similar abundances for Si, Ca, Sc, Ti, Cr and Ni. The stars have evolved to the upper half of the main-sequence band. Yonsei-Yale and Victoria-Regina evolutionary models for the observed metal abundance reproduce BK Peg at ages of 2.75 and 2.50 Gyr, respectively, but tend to predict a lower age for the more massive primary component than for the secondary. We find the same age trend for three other upper main-sequence systems in a sample of well studied eclipsing binaries with components in the 1.15-1.70 $M_{\odot }$ range. We also find that the Yonsei-Yale models systematically predict higher ages than the Victoria-Regina models. The sample includes BW Aqr, and as a supplement we have determined a $[{\rm Fe/H}]$abundance of $-0.07 \pm 0.11$for this late F-type binary.
Conclusions. We propose to use BK Peg, BW Aqr, and other well-studied 1.15-1.70 $M_{\odot }$ eclipsing binaries to fine-tune convective core overshoot, diffusion, and possibly other ingredients of modern theoretical evolutionary models.

Key words: stars: evolution - stars: fundamental parameters - binaries: eclipsing - stars: individual: BK Peg - stars: individual: BW Aqr - techniques: spectroscopic

1 Introduction

Detached, double-lined eclipsing binaries (dEB) are our main source for stellar masses and radii, today accurate to 1% or better (Torres et al. 2010), and they also provide stringent tests of various aspects of stellar evolutionary models. For this purpose, well-established abundance information is needed, as demonstrated by e.g. Clausen et al. (2008b, hereafter CTB08). One of the troublesome ingredients in theoretical models for stars heavier than the Sun is the amount of and treatment of convective core overshoot, and in this paper we focus on that aspect.

\begin{figure} \par\epsfxsize=185mm \epsfbox{14266f01.ps}\end{figure} Figure 1:

y light curve and b-y and u-b colour curves (instrumental system) for BK Peg.

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The literature on the existence and calibration of core overshoot is extensive, and here we only draw attention to a few studies based on binary and cluster results. From a sample of 1.5-2.5 $M_{\odot }$ dEBs and turn-off stars in IC 4651 and NGC 2680, Andersen et al. (1990) found strong evidence for convective overshoot in intermediate-mass stars. Clausen (1991) found indication for core overshoot for the 1.4+1.5 $M_{\odot }$ late-F type dEB BW Aqr and discussed BK Peg as well, and recently, Lacy et al. (2008) found that for the 1.5 $M_{\odot }$ F7 V system BW Aqr, the lowest core overshoot parameter $\alpha_{\rm ov}$ consistent with observations is approximately 0.18 (in units of the pressure scale height). The question of mass-dependence of the degree of core overshoot has - again based on dEB samples - been addressed by e.g. Ribas et al. (2000) and Claret (2007), but they arrive at very different conclusions.

Most recent grids of stellar evolutionary calculations include core overshoot, but the recipes in terms of mass and abundance dependence are somewhat different. We refer to Sect. 9 for details.

Our main motivation to undertake a study of BK Peg has been that a) it has evolved to the upper part of the main-sequence band and is therefore well-suited for core overshoot tests, but published dimensions are not of sufficient quality, and b) few similar well-studied systems are known. Below we present absolute dimensions and abundances based on new uvby light curves and high-resolution spectra and compare BK Peg and other similar systems with Yonsei-Yale and Victoria-Regina stellar evolutionary models.

In Appendix A we present a spectroscopic abundance analysis for BW Aqr as supplement to the study of this binary by Clausen (1991).

2 BK Peg

BW Aqr (BD +25 5003, mV = 9.98, Sp. type F8, P = 5 $.\!\!^{\rm d}$49), is a well detached, double-lined eclipsing binary with 1.41 and 1.26 $M_{\odot }$ components in a slightly eccentric (e = 0.0053) orbit. It is unusual in the sense that the more massive, larger, and more luminous component is slightly cooler than the other component. This is due to evolution, where the more massive component has evolved to the upper part of the main-sequence band.

The eclipsing nature of BK Peg was discovered by Hoffmeister (1931), and Lause (1935,1937) visually observed several times of minima. Popper & Dumont (1977) obtained BV light curves at the Palomar and Kitt Peak observatories, which were later analysed by Popper & Etzel (1981). Preliminary absolute dimensions were included by Popper in his critical review of stellar masses (Popper 1980), and soon after he presented spectroscopic elements and improved absolute dimensions (Popper 1983). He reached component masses accurate to about 1% and radii accurate to 4% (primary) and 7% (secondary). Demircan et al. (1994) presented photoelectric UBV light curves and an improved ephemeris, as well as absolute dimensions, which, within the uncertainties, agree with those by Popper; see also Popper & Etzel (1995) for clarification on terminology. We refer to the more massive, larger but cooler component as the primary (p) component, which, for the ephemeris we adopt (Eq. (1)), is eclipsed at phase 0.0.

Table 1:   Photometric data for BK Peg and the comparison stars.

3 Photometry

Below, we present the new photometric material for BK Peg and refer to Clausen et al. (2001; hereafter CHO01) for further details on observation and reduction procedures, and determination of times of minima.

3.1 Light curves for BK Peg

The differential uvby light curves of BK Peg were observed at the Strömgren Automatic Telescope (SAT) at ESO, La Silla with its 6-channel $uvby\beta$ photometer on 66 nights between October 2000 and September 2003 (JD2451828-2452910). They contain 384 points per band with most phases covered at least twice. The observations were done through an 18 arcsec diameter circular diaphragm at airmasses between 1.8 and 2.2. BW Aqr, BW Aqr, and BW Aqr - all within a few degrees of BK Peg on the sky - were used as comparison stars and were all found to be constant within a few mmag; see Table 1. The light curves are calculated relative to HD 223323, but all comparison star observations were used, shifting them first to the same light level. HD 223323 has later been found to be a double-lined spectroscopic binary with an estimated orbital inclination of about $63\hbox{$^\circ$ }$; the orbital period is 1175 days and the orbital eccentricity is 0.6 (Griffin 2007). The average accuracy per light curve point is about 5 mmag (ybv) and 8 mmag (u). The light curves (Table 13) will only be available in electronic form.

As seen from Fig. 1, BK Peg is well detached with nearly identical eclipse depths of about 0.5 mag. In the y,b, and v bands, the primary eclipse at phase 0.0, which is a transit, is slightly deeper than the secondary eclipse (almost total occultation), which occurs at phase 0.4976. In the u band the secondary eclipse is, however, the slightly deeper one.

3.2 Standard photometry for BK Peg

Standard $uvby\beta$ indices for BK Peg and the three comparison stars, observed and derived as described by CHO01, are presented in Table 1. As seen, the indices are based on many observations and their precision is high. For comparison, we have included published photometry from other sources. In general, the agreement is good, but in some cases differences are larger than the quoted errors; we have used the new results for the analysis of BK Peg.

3.3 Times of minima and ephemeris for BK Peg

Three times of secondary minimum, but none of primary, have been determined from the uvby light curve observations. They are listed in Table 2 together with available measured times. From separate weighted least squares fit to the times of primary and secondary minima, respectively, we derive the linear ephemeris given in Eq. (1).

\begin{displaymath} \begin{tabular}{r r c r r} {\rm Min ~ I} = & 2450706.46968 &... ...E$\space \\ & $\pm 38$ & & $\pm 56$\space & \\ \end{tabular}\end{displaymath} (1)

Within errors, the two types of minima yield identical periods, and the new ephemeris is in good agreement with that by Demircan et al. (1994), see also Kreiner et al. (2001) and Kreiner (2004)[*].

4 Spectroscopy

Table 2:   Times of primary (P) and secondary (S) minima for BK Peg.

In order to perform abundance determinations and also improve the spectroscopic elements by Popper (1983), we have obtained 13 high-resolution ( R = 45 000) spectra with the FIES fibre echelle spectrograph at Nordic Optical Telescope, La Palma during five consecutive nights in August 2007; see Table 3. For the basic reduction of the spectra, we have applied the IRAF based FIEStool package[*]. Subsequently, dedicated IDL[*] programs were applied to remove cosmic ray events and other defects, and for normalisation of the individual orders. For each order, only the central part with acceptable signal-to-noise ratios was kept for further analysis.

Table 3:   Log of the FIES observations of BK Peg.

The radial velocities for BK Peg were measured from 40 useful orders of the 13 FIES spectra. We applied the broadening function (BF) formalism (Rucinski 1999,2002,2004), using $v \sin i = 0$synthetic templates matching the effective temperature, log(g), and metal abundance of the components of BK Peg. They were calculated with the bssynth tool, which applies the SYNTH software (Valenti & Piskunov 1996) and modified ATLAS9 models (Heiter et al. 2002). Since the components have nearly identical temperatures, the two templates are very similar and lead to practically identical results. As described by e.g. Kaluzny et al. (2006), the projected rotational velocities $v \sin i$ of the components and (monochromatic) light/luminosity ratios between them can also be obtained from analyses of the BFs.

For each spectrum, BFs were calculated for each of the selected orders, and a mean BF was then calculated together with weights for each order based on the root mean square deviation of the individual BFs from the mean BF. The final BF is the weighted average for the selected orders. The radial velocites, the $v \sin i$'s, and the light ratio were derived by fitting a rotational profile for both stellar components, convolved with a Doppler profile corresponding to the instrumental resolution, to the final BF for each observed spectrum.

The radial velocities are listed in Table 4. The final values of $v \sin i$ and light ratio were calculated as the mean values for the 13 spectra, with errors estimated from the deviations from spectrum to spectrum. For the primary and secondary components of BK Peg, we obtain mean rotational velocities of $16.6 \pm 0.2$and $13.4 \pm 0.2$kms-1, respectively. For the light ratio we find $L_{\rm s}/L_{\rm p} = 0.57 \pm 0.02$.

Table 4:   Radial velocities of BK Peg and residuals from the final spectroscopic orbit presented in Table 8.

In addition, we have determined the light ratio between the components by directly comparing the FIES spectra and synthetic binary spectra, calculated for a range of luminosity ratios between the components. Adopting the temperatures, surface gravities, rotational velocities, and metallicities listed in Table 10, and using several spectral orders covering 5300-5800 Å, we obtain the best line fits for a light ratio of $0.57 \pm 0.04$. As expected, since the components have nearly identical temperatures, we find no significant wavelength dependence of the spectroscopic light ratio, even if a broader wavelength region is used.

Table 5:   Effective temperatures (K) for the combined light of BK Peg.

5 Photometric elements

Since BK Peg is well-detached, the photometric elements have been determined from JKTEBOP[*] analyses (Southworth et al. 2004a,b) of the uvby light curves. The underlying simple Nelson-Davis-Etzel binary model (Nelson & Davis 1972; Etzel 1981; Popper & Etzel 1981; Martynov 1973) represents the deformed stars as biaxial ellipsoids and applies a simple bolometric reflection model. We refer to CTB08 for details on the general approach applied. In tables and text, we use the following symbols: i orbital inclination; e eccentricity of orbit; $\omega$longitude of periastron; r relative radius; $k = r_{\rm s}/r_{\rm p}$; u linear limb darkening coefficient; y gravity darkening coefficient; J central surface brightness; L luminosity; $T_{\rm eff}$effective temperature.

The mass ratio between the components was kept at the spectroscopic value, see Sect. 6. The simple built-in bolometric reflection model was used, linear limb darkening coefficients by Van Hamme (1993) and Claret (2000) were applied, and gravity darkening coefficients corresponding to radiative atmospheres were adopted. Identical coefficients were used for the two components, since their effective temperatures and surface gravities are sufficiently identical. Effective temperatures determined from the standard uvby and $JHK_{\rm s}$indices outside eclipses are listed in Table 5. As seen, the results from the different calibrations agree well; we have adopted the temperature based on the Holmberg et al. (2007) calibration.

Solutions for BK Peg, based on Van Hamme limb darkening coefficients, are presented in Table 6, and $O\!-\!C$ residuals of the y observations from the theoretical light curve are shown in Fig. 2. As seen, the results from the four bands agree well. Changing to Claret (2000) limb darkening coefficients, which are 0.07-0.09 higher, increases the radius of the primary component by only 0.4%, whereas that of the secondary component is increased by 1.5%. This is linked to a 1% larger k and a 29% smaller $e{\rm sin}(\omega)$, reducing e by 10%. Limb darkening coefficients determined from the light curves reproduce those by Van Hamme better than those by Claret, but have uncertainties of about $\pm$0.12. Including non-linear limb darkening (logarithmic or square-root law) has no significant effect on the photometric elements.

The adopted photometric elements listed in Table 7 are the weighted mean values of the JKTEBOP solutions adopting the linear limb darkening coefficients by Van Hamme. Realistic errors, based on 10 000 Monte Carlo simulations in each band and on comparison between the uvby solutions, have been assigned. The Monte Carlo simulations include random variations within $\pm$0.07 of the linear limb darkening coefficients. As seen, $r_{\rm p}$ becomes more accurate than $r_{\rm s}$. This is because it correlates less with k, probably related to the secondary eclipse being nearly total for the adopted elements. It should be noted that the ybv luminosity ratios from the light curve solutions agree very well with the spectroscopic light ratio (Sect. 4).

For comparison, Popper & Etzel (1981) obtained $r_{\rm p} = 0.108 \pm 0.04$and $r_{\rm s} = 0.086 \pm 0.006$, assuming $e{\rm sin}(\omega) = 0$ and adopting $k = 0.80 \pm 0.05$in order to reproduce a mean ratio of $0.69 \pm 0.03$ between selected secondary and primary lines, measured on photographic spectra. This ratio is, however, much higher than the light ratio we derive from the FIES spectra, leading to a higher k. Popper and Etzel also obtain a somewhat larger value for $r_{\rm p} + r_{\rm s}$. The relative radii presented by Demircan et al. (1994) are close to those by Popper and Etzel.

In conclusion, the new photometric elements derived from analyses of the uvby light curves are significantly more accurate than previous determinations. We find that the secondary eclipse is almost total, with 98% of the y light of the secondary component eclipsed, whereas about 57% of the y light from the primary component is eclipsed at phase 0.0.

6 Spectroscopic elements

Spectroscopic orbits have been derived from a re-analysis of the radial velocities by Popper (1983) and an analysis of the new radial velocities listed in Table 4. We have used the method of Lehman-Filhés implemented in the SBOP[*] program (Etzel 2004), which is a modified and expanded version of an earlier code by Wolfe et al. (1967). The orbital period P was fixed at the ephemeris value (Eq. (1)), and the eccentricity e and longitude of periastron $\omega$ to the results from the photometric analysis (Table 7). The radial velocities of the components were analysed independently (SB1 solutions).

The spectroscopic elements are presented in Table 8. The semiamplitudes ($K_{\rm p}$, $K_{\rm s}$), and their uncertainties, obtained from Popper's velocities are identical to his results, even though he assumed the orbit to be circular and used an older ephemeris.

As seen, significantly more accurate semiamplitudes are derived from the FIES velocities. They are slightly smaller than those from Popper's velocities, but within errors the results agree. Including e and/or $\omega$ as free parameters formally improves the solution but does not alter the semiamplitudes. The number of velocities is, however, too small for reliable spectroscopic determination of e and $\omega$. The double-lined (SB2) solutions agree perfectly with the single-lined solutions listed in Table 8. Also, spectroscopic elements determined as part of the spectral disentangling (Sect. 7) are identical. We notice that the new system velocities ( $\gamma_{\rm p}$,  $\gamma_{\rm s}$) differ by about 1 kms-1 from Popper's results. This is probably due to radial velocity zero point differences. Our velocities are tied to the ThAr exposures taken before and/or after each target exposure. Standard star observations normally agree to within 0.1-0.2 kms-1.

Table 6:   Photometric solutions for BK Peg from the JKTEBOP code.

Table 7:   Adopted photometric elements for BK Peg.

\begin{figure} \par\epsfxsize=85mm \epsfbox{14266f02.ps}\end{figure} Figure 2:

( $\rm O\!-\!C$) residuals of the BK Peg y-band observations from the theoretical light curve computed for the photometric elements given in Table 6.

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Table 8:   Spectroscopic orbital solutions for BK Peg.

\begin{figure} \par\epsfxsize=085mm \epsfbox{14266f03.ps} \vspace*{2mm} \end{figure} Figure 3:

Spectroscopic orbital solution for BK Peg (solid line: primary; dashed line: secondary) and radial velocities (filled circles: primary; open circles: secondary). The dotted line ( upper panel) represents the center-of-mass velocity of the system. Phase 0.0 corresponds to central primary eclipse.

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7 Chemical abundances

For abundance analyses, we have disentangled the FIES spectra of BK Peg in order to extract the individual component spectra. We have applied the disentangling method introduced by Simon & Sturm (1994) and a revised version of the corresponding original code developed by E. Sturm. It assumes a constant light level, but since BK Peg is constant to within 0.5% outside of eclipses this is of no concern. Twenty-two orders, covering 5160-6450 Å (with a few gaps) were selected and disentangled individually. The orbital elements were fixed at the adopted values (Table 8) and very slightly wavelength dependent light ratios matching the results from the light curve analyses (Table 7) were adopted. Around 6070 Å, the signal-to-noise ratios of the resulting component spectra are 160 (primary) and 80 (secondary). A 40 Å region, centred at 6070 Å, is shown in Fig. 4.

The basic approach followed in the abundance analyses is described by CTB08. We used the versatile VWA tool, which applies the SYNTH software (Valenti & Piskunov 1996) to compute synthetic spectra. We refer to Bruntt et al. (2004,2008) and Bruntt (2009) for a detailed description of VWA. Atmosphere models were interpolated from the recent grid of MARCS model atmospheres (Gustafsson et al. 2008), which adopt the solar composition by Grevesse et al. (2007). Atomic line data are from the Vienna Atomic Line Database (VALD; Kupka et al. 1999), but in order to derive abundances relative to the Sun, log(gf) values have been adjusted in such a way that each measured line in the Wallace et al. (1998) Solar atlas reproduces the atmospheric abundances by Grevesse et al. (2007).

The abundance results derived from all useful lines with equivalent widths between 10 and 100 mÅ are presented in Table 9. The equivalent widths measured in the disentangled spectra are listed in Tables 14 (primary) and 15 (secondary), which will only be available in electronic form. The surface gravities and observed rotational velocities listed in Table 10 were adopted, whereas the effective temperatures and microturbulence velocities were tuned until Fe   I abundances were independent of line equivalent widths and excitation potentials. The resulting temperatures are $6365 \pm 50$ K (primary) and $6385 \pm 50$ K (secondary). From a study of 10 F-K type stars with interferometrically and spectroscopically determined effective temperatures, Bruntt et al. (2010) find a systematic offset of 40 K, which should be subtracted. The corrected spectroscopic temperatures are still slightly higher than derived from the uvby indices (Table 10) but agree within errors.

Microturbulence velocities of $1.55 \pm 0.25$kms-1 (primary) and $1.22 \pm 0.25$kms-1 (secondary) were obtained. The calibration by Edvardsson et al. (1993) predicts higher values of $2.20 \pm 0.31$kms-1 (primary) and $1.95 \pm 0.31$ kms-1 (secondary); the difference in microturbulence will be discussed by Bruntt et al. (2010).

\begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[width=16cm,clip]{14266f04.ps} \end{figure} Figure 4:

A 40 Å region centred at 6070 Å of the disentangled spectra of the components of BK Peg. Lines identified by a red line were not used for the abundance analysis.

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Table 9:   Abundances ( $[{\rm El./H}]$) for the primary and secondary components of BK Peg.

As seen, a robust $[{\rm Fe/H}]$ is obtained, with nearly identical results from Fe   I and Fe   II lines of both components. The mean value from all measured Fe lines is $[{\rm Fe/H}]$  $=-0.12\pm0.01$(rms of mean). Changing the model temperatures by $\pm50$ K modifies $[{\rm Fe/H}]$from the Fe   I lines by about $\pm0.05$ dex, whereas almost no effect is seen for Fe   II lines. If 0.25 kms-1 higher microturbulence velocities are adopted, $[{\rm Fe/H}]$decreases by about 0.04 dex for both neutral and ionized lines. Taking these contributions to the uncertainties into account, we adopt $[{\rm Fe/H}]$  $=-0.12\pm0.07$for BK Peg. In general, we find similar relative abundances for the other ions listed in Table 9, including the $\alpha$-elements Si, Ca, and Ti.

As an addition to the spectroscopic abundance analysis, we have also calculated metal abundances from the de-reddened uvby indices for the individual components (Table 10) and the calibration by Holmberg et al. (2007). The results are: $[{\rm Fe/H}]$  $= -0.07\pm0.18$(primary) and $[{\rm Fe/H}]$  $=-0.14\pm0.20$(secondary). Within errors they agree with those from the spectroscopic analysis; the quoted $[{\rm Fe/H}]$ errors include the uncertainties of the photometric indices and the published spread of the calibration.

Table 10:   Astrophysical data for BK Peg.

8 Absolute dimensions

Absolute dimensions for BK Peg are presented in Table 10, as calculated from the photometric and spectroscopic elements given in Tables 7 and 8. As seen, masses and radii precise to 0.4-0.5% and 0.4-1.2%, respectively, have been established for the binary components.

The V magnitudes and uvby indices for the components, included in Table 10, were calculated from the combined magnitude and indices of the system outside eclipses (Table 1) and the luminosity ratios between the components (Table 7). Within errors, the V magnitude and the uvby indices of the primary component agree with those measured at central secondary eclipse where 98% (y) of the light from the secondary component eclipsed (cf. Table 1).

The interstellar reddening $E(b-y) = 0.044 \pm 0.015$, also given in Table 10, was determined from the calibration by Olsen (1988), using the $uvby\beta$ standard photometry for the combined light outside eclipses. Within errors, the same reddening is obtained from the indices observed during the central part of secondary eclipse. The new intrinsic-colour calibration by Karatas & Schuster (2009) leads to E(b-y) = 0.034. The model by Hakkila et al. (1997) yields a higher reddening of E(B-V) = 0.14 or E(b-y) = 0.10 in the direction of and at the distance of BK Peg, whereas the maps by Burstein & Heiles (1982) and Schlegel et al. (1998) give total E(B-V) reddenings of 0.07 and 0.05, respectively.

From the individual indices and the calibration by Holmberg et al. (2007), we derive effective temperatures of $6265 \pm 85$and $6285 \pm 90$ K for the primary and secondary component, respectively, assuming the final $[{\rm Fe/H}]$abundance. The temperature uncertainties include those of the uvby indices, E(b-y), $[{\rm Fe/H}]$, and the calibration itself. Compared to this, the empirical flux scale by Popper (1980) and the y flux ratio between the components (Table 7) yield a well established temperature difference between the components of $55 \pm 5$ K (excluding possible errors of the scale itself). Consequently, we assign temperatures of 6265 and 6320 K, which agree with the corrected spectroscopic results, 6325 and 6345 K, within errors (Sect. 7). As seen from Table 5 (combined light), temperatures from the (b-y), c1 calibration by Alonso et al. (1996) and the b-y calibration by Ramírez & Meléndez (2005) are in perfect agreement with that from the Holmberg et al. calibration.

The measured rotational velocity for the secondary component is in perfect agreement with (pseudo)synchronous rotation, whereas the primary component seems to rotate at a slightly lower rate.

The distance to BK Peg was calculated from the ``classical'' relation (see e.g. CTB08), adopting the solar values and bolometric corrections given in Table 10, and AV/E(b-y) = 4.28 (Crawford & Mandwewala 1976). As seen, identical values are obtained for the two components, and the distance has been established to 4%, accounting for all error sources. Nearly the same distance is obtained if other BC scales, e.g. Code et al. (1976), Bessell et al. (1998) and Girardi et al. (2002), are adopted. Also, the empirical K surface brightness - $T_{\rm eff}$relation by Kervella et al. (2004) leads to an identical and perhaps even more precise (2%) distance. We refer to Clausen (2004) and Southworth et al. (2005) for details on the use of eclipsing binaries as standard candles.

9 Comparison with stellar models


Table 11:   Model parameters and average ages for BK Peg inferred from the observed masses and radii.

In the following, we compare the absolute dimensions obtained for BK Peg with properties of recent theoretical stellar evolutionary models. We have concentrated on the Yonsei-Yale (Y2) grids by Demarque et al. (2004)[*] and the VRSS (scaled-solar abundances of the heavy elements) Victoria-Regina grids (VandenBerg et al. 2006)[*] listed in Table 11. The abundance, mass, and age interpolation routines provided by the Y2 group and the isochrone interpolation routines provided by the Victoria-Regina group have been applied. A summary of the Y2 and VRSS grids and their input physics is given by CTB08. Here we just recall the following: The Y2 models include He diffusion, whereas diffusion processes are not included in the VRSS models. The Y2 models adopt the enrichment law Y = 0.23 + 2Z together with the solar mixture by Grevesse et al. (1996), and the VRSS models Y = 0.23544 + 2.2Z and the solar mixture by Grevesse & Noels (1993).

\begin{figure} \epsfxsize=90mm \epsfbox{14266f05.ps} \vspace*{2mm} \end{figure} Figure 5:

Comparison between Y2 (black) and VRSS (red) models for $[{\rm Fe/H}]$ =-0.105. Tracks (solid lines) for 1.2, 1.3, and 1.4 $M_{\odot }$ and isochrones (dashed lines) for 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 Gyr are included. The 1.26 and 1.41 $M_{\odot }$ components of BK Peg are shown.

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\begin{figure} \epsfxsize=90mm \epsfbox{14266f06.ps} \vspace*{3.8mm} \end{figure} Figure 6:

Comparison between Y2 (solid lines, black) and VRSS (dashed lines, red) models for $[{\rm Fe/H}]$ =-0.105. Isochrones for 1.0, 2.0, 2.5 (VRSS only), 2.75 (Y2 only), 3.0, and 4.0 Gyr are included. The 1.26 and 1.41 $M_{\odot }$ components of BK Peg are shown.

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Both grids include core overshoot. For the Y2 models, $\Lambda_{\rm OS} = \lambda_{\rm ov}/H_{\rm p}$ depends on mass and also takes into account the composition dependence of $M_{\rm crit}^{\rm conv}$ [*]. The ramping of $\Lambda_{\rm OS} = \lambda_{\rm ov}/H_{\rm p}$ from 0 at $M_{\rm crit}^{\rm conv}$ to 0.2 at 1.2 $\times$ $M_{\rm crit}^{\rm conv}$and higher masses is done in steps of 0.05. For the metallicity of BK Peg, $M_{\rm crit}^{\rm conv}$ is 1.2 $M_{\odot }$. The Victoria-Regina group adopts a somewhat different physically based description of the core overshoot with the free parameter $F_{\rm over}$ depending on mass and metallicity and calibrated observationally via cluster CMDs. For the metallicity of BK Peg, core convection sets in around 1.15 $M_{\odot }$, and $F_{\rm over}$ gradually increases to 0.55 at 1.70 $M_{\odot }$ and is kept at this value for higher masses. Thus, for both grids, the 1.26 and 1.41 $M_{\odot }$ components of BK Peg are in their ramping regions.

In Fig. 5, we compare Y2 and VRSS main-sequence evolutionary tracks and isochrones for $[{\rm Fe/H}]$ =-0.105[*] in the mass region of BK Peg. For 1.3 $M_{\odot }$ the tracks nearly coincide, whereas the TAMS positions differ for both lower and higher masses, probably related to the individual core overshoot recipes. In addition, somewhat different ages are predicted along the main-sequence tracks. This is also illustrated by the isochrones in the mass-radius diagram shown in Fig. 6, which represents the most direct comparison with BK Peg, since the observed masses and radii are scale independent. As seen, similar ages of 2.75 (Y2) and 2.50 (VRSS) Gyr are predicted for the components, with a slight preference for the shape of the VRSS isochrone. Within the observed metal abundance range, $[{\rm Fe/H}]$  $=-0.12\pm0.07$, the best fitting isochrones reproduce BK Peg nearly equally well; the corresponding average ages are listed in Table 11.

\begin{figure} \epsfxsize=90mm \epsfbox{14266f07.ps} \vspace*{3.5mm} \end{figure} Figure 7:

BK Peg compared with Y2 models for $[{\rm Fe/H}]$ =-0.12. Tracks for the component masses (solid lines) and isochrones for 0.5 and 1.0-4.0 Gyr (dashed; step 1.0 Gyr) are shown. Tracks (dotted) for $[{\rm Fe/H}]$ =-0.05 are included.

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Y2 tracks for the observed masses and abundance of BK Peg are shown in Fig. 7. They are, like the VRSS tracks, slightly hotter. We also recall that the temperatures derived as part of the spectroscopic abundance analysis are slightly higher than those adopted from the uvbyindices (Table 10).

In conclusion, the Y2 and Victoria-Regina VRSS models, including their core overshoot treatment and ramping recipes, are able to reproduce the observed properties of BK Peg. We note, however, that both grids predict a slightly lower age for the 1.41 $M_{\odot }$ primary component than for the 1.26 $M_{\odot }$ secondary. In the following section, we will check whether this tendency is seen for other well-studied binaries with similar component masses.

10 Comparison with other binaries

The review on accurate masses and radii of normal stars by Torres et al. (2010) lists 20 binaries[*] with both components in the 1.15-1.70 $M_{\odot }$ interval where core overshoot is ramped up in the Y2 and Victoria-Regina models. Here, we will concentrate on the subset listed in Table 12, where most of the nearly equal-mass binaries have been excluded. Eight binaries have been selected because the masses of their components differ significantly; we have adopted a lower mass difference limit of 0.10 $M_{\odot }$. In addition, we have included GX Gem, since its components have evolved close to the TAMS region. As mentioned in Sect. 1, Lacy et al. (2008) found that for GX Gem, the lowest $\alpha_{\rm ov}$ consistent with observations is approximately 0.18. $[{\rm Fe/H}]$ has been measured for five of the systems; we refer to Appendix A for details on the abundance analysis of BW Aqr.

Table 12:   Masses, radii, and abundances from Torres et al. (2010) for a subset of well-studied binaries with both components in the 1.15-1.70 $M_{\odot }$ interval; see the text for details.

\begin{figure} \par\epsfxsize=183mm \epsfbox{14266f08.ps} \vspace*{1.2mm} \end{figure} Figure 8:

Y2 evolutionary tracks (full drawn lines) for the binaries included in Table 12. The isochrones (dashed lines) correspond to the average ages inferred from the masses and radii for the $[{\rm Fe/H}]$listed in the table. For HD 71636, the 0.80 Gyr isochrone is plotted. For V442 Cyg and FS Mon, the dotted tracks and isochrones (1.83 and 1.38 Gyr, respectively) represent solar abundance models. Component masses (in units of $M_{\odot }$) are given in the lower left corners.

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Figure 8 shows the nine binaries together with Y2 evolutionary tracks for the measured masses. For GX Gem, BW Aqr, BW Aqr, and BW Aqr, $[{\rm Fe/H}]$ has not been measured. The values listed in Table 12 were adopted only because they lead to reasonable model fits for the observed effective temperatures. The isochrones correspond to the average age inferred from the measured masses and radii. To illustrate the abundance dependence, evolutionary tracks and isochrones for solar metallicity have been included for V442 Cyg and FS Mon. As seen, the nine binaries cover the main-sequence almost from the ZAMS to the TAMS.

In Figs. 9 (Y2) and 10 (VRSS), we concentrate on comparisons based on the scale-independent masses and radii. Since abundance interpolation software is not available for the VRSS models, we have used those with $[{\rm Fe/H}]$closest to the measured values. The average ages are listed in Table 12, and we note the following:

  • The VRSS models predict lower ages than the Y2 models for all systems.
  • For the four binaries with components in the upper half of the main-sequence band (GX Gem, BK Peg, BW Aqr, V442 Cyg), both grids tend to predict lower ages for the more massive component than for the less massive one, although the difference is certainly very marginal for the nearly equal-mass system GX Gem. These systems span the 1.26-1.56 $M_{\odot }$ interval.
  • The Y2 isochrones fit FS Mon (1.63 + 1.46 $M_{\odot }$) better than the VRSS isochrones, which predict a higher age for the more massive component than for the less massive one.
  • Both grids fit the less evolved binaries BW Aqr and BW Aqr quite well, perhaps with a slight preference for Y2.
  • For the little evolved binary BW Aqr, VRSS is marginally better than Y2.
  • HD 71636 is not fitted well by any of the grids. The very different ages predicted for the components are listed in Table 12. We believe, however, that this is due to problems with the published radii. A re-analysis of the light curves by Henry et al. (2006) indicates that the ratio between the (relative) radii is significantly more uncertain than given by the authors[*], most probably because the secondary eclipse is far from being well-covered.

It is outside the scope of this paper to propose specific modifications of the model physics, but we believe that this sample of binaries (except HD 71636) can be used to fine-tune the core overshoot treatment in terms of mass and metal abundance. It might also be relevant to include investigations of other model ingredients, e.g. diffusion processes and the adopted helium-to-metal enrichment ratio, and to clarify why the Y2 models predict higher ages than the VRSS models. In order to avoid possible interpolation errors, specific models for the observed masses and metal abundances should be calculated and small age steps applied. On the observational side, spectroscopic metal abundances should be determined for the four binaries lacking this information, and it should perhaps be considered to re-observe BW Aqr, V442 Cyg, and HD 71636 to improve their masses and/or radii.

\begin{figure} \par\epsfxsize=90mm \epsfbox{14266f09.ps} \vspace*{2mm} \end{figure} Figure 9:

Comparison between Y2 isochrones (full drawn lines) and the binaries listed in Table 12; we refer to the table for colour codes, $[{\rm Fe/H}]$ and ages. For V442 Cyg and FS Mon, the dashed lines are solar abundance isochrones for 1.83 and 1.38 Gyr, respectively. For HD 71636, the 0.80 Gyr isochrone is plotted.

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\begin{figure} \par\epsfxsize=90mm \epsfbox{14266f10.ps} \vspace*{2mm} \end{figure} Figure 10:

Comparison between VRSS isochrones (full drawn lines) and the binaries listed in Table 12; we refer to the table for colour codes, $[{\rm Fe/H}]$and ages. For V442 Cyg and FS Mon, the dashed lines are solar abundance isochrones for 1.67 and 1.27 Gyr, respectively. For HD 71636, the 0.70 Gyr isochrone is plotted.

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Also, we suggest to supplement the sample by the unique K0IV+F7V binary AI Phe (1.23+1.19 $M_{\odot }$), recently re-discussed by Torres et al. (2010), as well as by a number of new F-type systems we are presently studying. In addition, it would be highly relevant to include F-type binary members of open clusters.

11 Summary and conclusions

From state-of-the-art observations and analyses, precise (0.4-1.2%) absolute dimensions have been established for the components of the late F-type detached eclipsing binary BK Peg ( $P = 5\hbox{$.\!\!^{\rm d}$ }49$, e = 0.0053); see Table 10. A detailed spectroscopic analysis yields an iron abundance relative to the Sun of $[{\rm Fe/H}]$  $=-0.12\pm0.07$and similar relative abundances for Si, Ca, Sc, Ti, Cr, and Ni. The measured rotational velocities are $16.6 \pm 0.2$(primary) and $13.4 \pm 0.2$(secondary) kms-1. For the secondary component this corresponds to (pseudo)synchronous rotation, whereas the primary component seems to rotate at a slightly lower rate.

The 1.41 and 1.26 $M_{\odot }$ components of BK Peg have evolved to the upper half of the main-sequence band. Yonsei-Yale and Victoria-Regina solar scaled evolutionary models for the observed metal abundance reproduce BK Peg at ages of 2.75 and 2.50 Gyr, respectively, but tend to predict a lower age for the more massive primary component than for the secondary. If real, this might be due to less than perfect calibration of the amount of convective core overshoot of the models as function of mass (and metal abundance).

For this reason, we have performed model comparisons for a sample of eight additional well-studied binaries with component masses in the 1.15-1.70 $M_{\odot }$ interval where convective core overshoot is gradually ramped up in the models; see Table 12. We find that a) the Yonsei-Yale models systematically predict higher ages than the Victoria-Regina models, and that b) the three other most evolved systems in the sample share the age difference trend seen for BK Peg.

We propose to use the sample to fine-tune the core overshoot treatment, as well as other model ingredients, and to clarify why the two model grids predict different ages. The sample should be expanded by a number of new F-type systems under study, binary cluster members, and the unique K0IV+F7V binary AI Phe (1.23+1.19 $M_{\odot }$).

Acknowledgements
It is a great pleasure to thank the many colleagues and students, who have shown interest in our project and have participated in the extensive (semi)automatic observations of BK Peg at the SAT: Sylvain Bouley, Christian Coutures, Thomas H. Dall, Mathias P. Egholm, Pascal Fouque, Lisbeth F. Grove, Anders Johansen, Erling Johnsen, Bjarne R. Jørgensen, Bo Milvang-Jensen, Alain Maury, John D. Pritchard, and Samuel Regandell. Excellent technical support was received from the staffs of Copenhagen University and ESO, La Silla. We thank J. M. Kreiner for providing a complete list of published times of eclipse for BK Peg. A. Kaufer, O. Stahl, S. Tubbesing, and B. Wolf kindly obtained the two FEROS spectra of BW Aqr during Heidelberg/Copenhagen guaranteed time in 1999.
The projects ``Stellar structure and evolution - new challenges from ground and space observations'' and ``Stars: Central engines of the evolution of the Universe'', carried out at Copenhagen University and Aarhus University, are supported by the Danish National Science Research Council.
The following internet-based resources were used in research for this paper: the NASA Astrophysics Data System; the SIMBAD database and the VizieR service operated by CDS, Strasbourg, France; the ar$\chi$iv scientific paper preprint service operated by Cornell University; the VALD database made available through the Institute of Astronomy, Vienna, Austria; the MARCS stellar model atmosphere library. This publication makes use of data products from the Two Micron All Sky Survey, which is a joint project of the University of Massachusetts and the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Science Foundation.

Appendix A: Chemical abundances for BW Aqr

Absolute dimensions for the late F-type eclipsing binary BW Aqr were published by Clausen (1991), who mentioned that the $uvby\beta$photometry indicates a metallicity slightly above solar. We note that the primary component (star A in Clausen 1991), eclipsed at the deeper minimum at phase 0.0, is less massive, smaller, but hotter than the secondary component.

Here we present the results from an abundance analysis based on two high-resolution spectra observed with the FEROS fibre echelle spectrograph at ESO, La Silla in August 1999; see Table A.1. Details on the spectrograph, the reduction of the spectra, and the basic approach followed in the abundance analysis are described by CTB08. As for BK Peg, we have used the VWA tool for the abundance analysis, and we refer to Sect. 7 for further information on atmosphere models, atomic data information, $\log(gf$) adjustments etc. One important difference is, however, that for BW Aqr disentangling is not possible, and the analysis is therefore based on double-lined spectra.

The effective temperatures, surface gravities, rotational velocities, and microturbulence velocities listed in Table A.2 were adopted. The temperatures were determined by requiring that Fe   I abundances were independent of line excitation potentials. They are slightly lower than determined by Clausen (1991), who obtained $6450 \pm 100$ K (primary) and $6350 \pm 100$ K (secondary). However, new and better (unpublished) uvby photometry for BW Aqr and the calibration by Holmberg et al. (2007) lead to 100 K lower values, assuming a reddening of E(b-y) = 0.03. Microturbulence velocities were tuned until Fe   I abundances are independent of line equivalent widths.

The abundances derived from all useful lines in both spectra are presented in Table A.3. The equivalent widths measured in the two double-lined spectra are listed in Tables 16 (primary) and 17 (secondary), which will only be available in electronic form. Comparing the results from the two spectra, we find that they agree within 0.05 dex. We have only included lines with measured equivalent widths above 10 mÅ and below 45 mÅ (primary) and 55 mÅ (secondary). The lines are diluted by factors of about 2.2 (primary) and 1.8 (secondary), meaning that lines with intrinsic strengths above 100 mÅ are excluded. The $[{\rm Fe/H}]$ results for the two components differ by 0.06 dex, but for each component the results from Fe   I and Fe   II lines agree well. The mean value for all measured Fe lines is $[{\rm Fe/H}]$ = $-0.07 \pm 0.01$(rms of mean).

Table A.1:   Log of the FEROS observations of BW Aqr.

Table A.2:   Astrophysical data adopted for the abundance analysis of BW Aqr.

Table A.3:   Abundances ( $[{\rm El./H}]$) for the primary and secondary components of BW Aqr determined from the two FEROS spectra.

Changing the model temperatures by $\pm 100$ K modifies $[{\rm Fe/H}]$from the Fe   I lines by about $\pm0.10$ dex, whereas almost no effect is seen for the Fe   II lines. If 0.30 kms-1 higher microturbulence velocities are adopted, $[{\rm Fe/H}]$decreases by about 0.05 dex for both neutral and ionized lines. Taking these contributions to the uncertainties into account, we adopt $[{\rm Fe/H}]$  $=-0.07\pm0.11$for BW Aqr. Similar abundances are obtained for the few other ions listed in Table A.3.

References

Footnotes

... overshoot[*]
Based on observations carried out at the Strömgren Automatic Telescope (SAT) and the 1.5m telescope (63.H-0080) at ESO, La Silla, and the Nordic Optical Telescope at La Palma
... [*]
Tables 13-17 are available in electronic form at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/516/A42
...2004)[*]
http://www.as.ap.krakow.pl/ephem
... package[*]
see http://www.not.iac.es for details on FIES and FIEStool.
... IDL[*]
http://www.ittvis.com/idl/index.asp
... JKTEBOP[*]
http://www.astro.keele.ac.uk/ jkt/
... SBOP[*]
Spectroscopic Binary Orbit Program, http://mintaka.sdsu.edu/faculty/etzel/
...2004)[*]
http://www.astro.yale.edu/demarque/yystar.html
...2006)[*]
http://www1.cadc-ccda.hia-iha.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/cvo/ community/VictoriaReginaModels/
...$M_{\rm crit}^{\rm conv}$[*]
Defined as ``the mass above which stars continue to have a substantial convective core even after the end of the pre-MS phase''.
...$[{\rm Fe/H}]$ =-0.105[*]
VRSS models for the observed $[{\rm Fe/H}]$ =-0.12 are not available
... binaries[*]
The 20 binaries can now be supplemented by BK Peg and V1130 Tau (Clausen et al. 2010).
... authors[*]
We have used the larger errors listed by Torres et al. (2010), which also seem to be underestimated.
Copyright ESO 2010

All Tables

Table 1:   Photometric data for BK Peg and the comparison stars.

Table 2:   Times of primary (P) and secondary (S) minima for BK Peg.

Table 3:   Log of the FIES observations of BK Peg.

Table 4:   Radial velocities of BK Peg and residuals from the final spectroscopic orbit presented in Table 8.

Table 5:   Effective temperatures (K) for the combined light of BK Peg.

Table 6:   Photometric solutions for BK Peg from the JKTEBOP code.

Table 7:   Adopted photometric elements for BK Peg.

Table 8:   Spectroscopic orbital solutions for BK Peg.

Table 9:   Abundances ( $[{\rm El./H}]$) for the primary and secondary components of BK Peg.

Table 10:   Astrophysical data for BK Peg.

Table 11:   Model parameters and average ages for BK Peg inferred from the observed masses and radii.

Table 12:   Masses, radii, and abundances from Torres et al. (2010) for a subset of well-studied binaries with both components in the 1.15-1.70 $M_{\odot }$ interval; see the text for details.

Table A.1:   Log of the FEROS observations of BW Aqr.

Table A.2:   Astrophysical data adopted for the abundance analysis of BW Aqr.

Table A.3:   Abundances ( $[{\rm El./H}]$) for the primary and secondary components of BW Aqr determined from the two FEROS spectra.

All Figures

  \begin{figure} \par\epsfxsize=185mm \epsfbox{14266f01.ps}\end{figure} Figure 1:

y light curve and b-y and u-b colour curves (instrumental system) for BK Peg.

Open with DEXTER
In the text

  \begin{figure} \par\epsfxsize=85mm \epsfbox{14266f02.ps}\end{figure} Figure 2:

( $\rm O\!-\!C$) residuals of the BK Peg y-band observations from the theoretical light curve computed for the photometric elements given in Table 6.

Open with DEXTER
In the text

  \begin{figure} \par\epsfxsize=085mm \epsfbox{14266f03.ps} \vspace*{2mm} \end{figure} Figure 3:

Spectroscopic orbital solution for BK Peg (solid line: primary; dashed line: secondary) and radial velocities (filled circles: primary; open circles: secondary). The dotted line ( upper panel) represents the center-of-mass velocity of the system. Phase 0.0 corresponds to central primary eclipse.

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In the text

  \begin{figure} \par\includegraphics[width=16cm,clip]{14266f04.ps} \end{figure} Figure 4:

A 40 Å region centred at 6070 Å of the disentangled spectra of the components of BK Peg. Lines identified by a red line were not used for the abundance analysis.

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In the text

  \begin{figure} \epsfxsize=90mm \epsfbox{14266f05.ps} \vspace*{2mm} \end{figure} Figure 5:

Comparison between Y2 (black) and VRSS (red) models for $[{\rm Fe/H}]$ =-0.105. Tracks (solid lines) for 1.2, 1.3, and 1.4 $M_{\odot }$ and isochrones (dashed lines) for 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 Gyr are included. The 1.26 and 1.41 $M_{\odot }$ components of BK Peg are shown.

Open with DEXTER
In the text

  \begin{figure} \epsfxsize=90mm \epsfbox{14266f06.ps} \vspace*{3.8mm} \end{figure} Figure 6:

Comparison between Y2 (solid lines, black) and VRSS (dashed lines, red) models for $[{\rm Fe/H}]$ =-0.105. Isochrones for 1.0, 2.0, 2.5 (VRSS only), 2.75 (Y2 only), 3.0, and 4.0 Gyr are included. The 1.26 and 1.41 $M_{\odot }$ components of BK Peg are shown.

Open with DEXTER
In the text

  \begin{figure} \epsfxsize=90mm \epsfbox{14266f07.ps} \vspace*{3.5mm} \end{figure} Figure 7:

BK Peg compared with Y2 models for $[{\rm Fe/H}]$ =-0.12. Tracks for the component masses (solid lines) and isochrones for 0.5 and 1.0-4.0 Gyr (dashed; step 1.0 Gyr) are shown. Tracks (dotted) for $[{\rm Fe/H}]$ =-0.05 are included.

Open with DEXTER
In the text

  \begin{figure} \par\epsfxsize=183mm \epsfbox{14266f08.ps} \vspace*{1.2mm} \end{figure} Figure 8:

Y2 evolutionary tracks (full drawn lines) for the binaries included in Table 12. The isochrones (dashed lines) correspond to the average ages inferred from the masses and radii for the $[{\rm Fe/H}]$listed in the table. For HD 71636, the 0.80 Gyr isochrone is plotted. For V442 Cyg and FS Mon, the dotted tracks and isochrones (1.83 and 1.38 Gyr, respectively) represent solar abundance models. Component masses (in units of $M_{\odot }$) are given in the lower left corners.

Open with DEXTER
In the text

  \begin{figure} \par\epsfxsize=90mm \epsfbox{14266f09.ps} \vspace*{2mm} \end{figure} Figure 9:

Comparison between Y2 isochrones (full drawn lines) and the binaries listed in Table 12; we refer to the table for colour codes, $[{\rm Fe/H}]$ and ages. For V442 Cyg and FS Mon, the dashed lines are solar abundance isochrones for 1.83 and 1.38 Gyr, respectively. For HD 71636, the 0.80 Gyr isochrone is plotted.

Open with DEXTER
In the text

  \begin{figure} \par\epsfxsize=90mm \epsfbox{14266f10.ps} \vspace*{2mm} \end{figure} Figure 10:

Comparison between VRSS isochrones (full drawn lines) and the binaries listed in Table 12; we refer to the table for colour codes, $[{\rm Fe/H}]$and ages. For V442 Cyg and FS Mon, the dashed lines are solar abundance isochrones for 1.67 and 1.27 Gyr, respectively. For HD 71636, the 0.70 Gyr isochrone is plotted.

Open with DEXTER
In the text

Copyright ESO 2010

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