Issue |
A&A
Volume 495, Number 3, March I 2009
|
|
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Page(s) | 1005 - 1032 | |
Section | Catalogs and data | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:200811251 | |
Published online | 14 January 2009 |
The updated spectral catalogue of INTEGRAL gamma-ray bursts
G. Vianello1,2 - D. Götz3 - S. Mereghetti1
1 - INAF - Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica Milano, via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
2 - Dipartimento di Fisica e Matematica, Università dell'Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
3 - CEA-Saclay, DSM/Irfu/Service d'Astrophysique, Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Received 29 October 2008 / Accepted 12 December 2008
Abstract
We present a catalogue with the properties of all the bursts detected
and localized by the IBIS instrument onboard the INTEGRAL satellite from November 2002 to September 2008. The sample is composed of 56 bursts, corresponding to a rate of 0.8 GRB per month. Thanks to the performances of the INTEGRAL Burst Alert System, 50% of the IBIS GRBs have detected afterglows, while 5% have redshift measurements. A spectral analysis of the 43 bursts in the INTEGRAL public archive has been carried out using the most recent software and calibration, deriving an updated, homogeneous and accurate catalogue with the spectral features of the sample. When possible a time-resolved spectral analysis also has been carried out. The GRBs in the sample have 20-200 keV fluences in the range
-
erg cm-2, and peak fluxes in the range 0.11-56 ph cm-2 s-1. While most of the spectra are well fitted by a power law with photon index
1.6, we found that 9 bursts are better described by a cut-off power law,
resulting in
values in the range 35-190 keV. Altough these results are comparable to those obtained with BAT onboard Swift, there is marginal evidence that ISGRI detects dimmer bursts than Swift/BAT. Using the revised spectral parameters and an updated sky exposure map that also takes
into account the effects of the GRB trigger efficiency, we strengthen the evidence for a spatial correlation with the super galactic plane of the faint bursts with long spectral lag.
Key words: gamma rays: bursts - methods: data analysis - catalogs
1 Introduction
Enormous progress in the study of Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) has been
achieved after the results of the Satellite per Astronomia X (the Italian for ``Satellite for X-ray Astronomy'') BeppoSAX, that enabled
the discovery of their counterparts at lower energy
(Costa et al. 1997; van Paradijs et al. 1997; Frail et al. 1997). Our understanding of
GRBs has mainly profited from dedicated instruments, or even
satellites, specifically designed for the study of these enigmatic
sources. For example, thanks to the very large GRB sample obtained
with the Burst And Transient Sources Experiment (BATSE) onboard the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory (CGRO), we learned that GRBs are isotropically distributed across the sky (Briggs et al. 1996), and that their LogN-LogS is compatible with a cosmological origin (Meegan et al. 1992). BATSE also provided accurate spectra (e.g. Band et al. 1993), and confirmed that GRBs can be divided in two
categories as a function of their duration and hardness, with about 25% of the GRBs being shorter than 2 s and harder compared to bursts of longer duration (Kouveliotou et al. 1993). Quick localizations with the High Energy Transient Explorer (HETE-2) satellite allowed investigators to study the GRB emission in X-rays (e.g. Vanderspek et al. 2004), and to
detect the first afterglow of a short GRB (Fox & React GRB Team 2005). Swift (Gehrels et al. 2004), launched in 2004, is currently localizing about 100 bursts per year, and is able to investigate the early phases of the X-ray afterglow, which were unaccessible to former
instrumentation. Many key parameters are derived from the afterglow observations.
Among them one of the most important is the distance, which is essential to infer
the intrinsic energy and luminosity. GRBs are the most powerful
explosions in the Universe, with isotropic equivalent energy
in the range from 1050 to 1054 erg
(Amati 2006), although such values can be reduced with the
hypothesis that GRBs are collimated sources (Rhoads 1997), as supported by the detection of achromatic breaks in some afterglow light
curves. The jet opening angles inferred from the afterglow break times (Sari et al. 1999) indicate lower energy values, clustered around 1051 erg with a reduced spread (Bloom et al. 2003; Frail et al. 2001). However, the observation of non-achromatic breaks in some afterglows, and the apparent lack of any kind of break in some others, casts doubts on this argument (see Curran et al. 2007, and reference therein). In only a few years, the Swift satellite
has more than doubled the number of GRBs with known redshift, and discovered the most distant burst to date at
,
(GRB 080913, Fynbo et al. 2008).
Recent progresses in GRB science concern also the identification of their progenitors. There is general consensus in considering the collapse of massive stars (>30 )
as the origin of long GRBs (Vietri & Stella 1998; Woosley 1993). Indeed, in many cases late-time bumps in the afterglow light curves of long GRBs have been reported (e.g. Zeh et al. 2004; Bloom et al. 1999), and are interpreted as an emerging supernova component. In a handful of cases the GRB/SN association has been spectroscopically confirmed (e.g. Malesani et al. 2004a). However, in some cases deep optical follow-up observations failed to detect SN signatures from nearby long GRBs (e.g. Della Valle et al. 2006), indicating the possible existence of a different class of long GRBs. Models involving the merging of two compact objects (black holes, neutron stars, or white dwarfs) are, on the other hand, preferred for short GRBs (Perna & Belczynski 2002).
Besides GRB-dedicated missions, also ``general purpose'' X-ray/gamma-ray satellites can significantly contribute to the GRB quest. The most remarkable example is indeed the aforementioned BeppoSAX mission, that thanks to its rapid and accurate localizations led to the discovery of afterglows at X-ray, optical, and radio wavelengths, firmly proving the cosmological origin of these sources by allowing a measurement of their redshift.
Table 1: Results of the time-resolved spectral analysis of GRB 060428C. Errors are at 90% c.l.
The International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL, Winkler et al. 2003), launched in October 2002, carries a set of coded mask instruments dedicated to fine imaging and spectroscopy in the soft -ray energy domain (15 keV-10 MeV). Even if INTEGRAL is not a mission specifically
dedicated to GRBs, its imager instrument IBIS (Imager on Board the Integral Satellite, Ubertini et al. 2003a), thanks to a large field of view (29
)
and a
good point source location accuracy (
1-2
), is well suited for GRB studies, in particular with its low energy detector plane ISGRI (INTEGRAL Soft Gamma-Ray Imager, Lebrun et al. 2003) (15 keV-1 MeV) . Pre-launch expectations of detecting about one GRB per month in the IBIS
field of view prompted the development of the INTEGRAL Burst Alert
System (IBAS).
IBAS (Mereghetti et al. 2003b) is a software system, running on the ground at the INTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC; Courvoisier et al. 2003), able to detect and localize in real time the GRBs in the IBIS field of view. Thanks to IBAS, the INTEGRAL satellite has been the first to provide GRB positions with an uncertainty of only 2-3 arcmin in near real time (less than a few tens of second after the burst
trigger). To date 56 bursts have been detected in IBIS/ISGRI data
, mostly automatically by IBAS, and a few in off-line searches.
In this paper we present an updated catalog of all the GRBs localized with INTEGRAL, with a detailed spectral analysis of the ones for which public data are available. Some results have been published already by different authors on individual bursts, especially the ones discovered in the first months of the mission. More recently, a comprehensive analysis of a sample of 46 INTEGRAL bursts has been presented by Foley et al. (2008), who focused mainly on their timing properties. They also extract spectra of some GRBs, but using an old version of the software and of the calibration that now we know to be not adequate when dealing with off-axis bursts. The main purpose of our work is to provide a homogeneous set of results, obtained with the latest instrument calibration and software, focusing mainly on the spectral properties. In several cases the spectral parameters we derived differ from, and supersede, those reported in previous analyses, that were based on earlier software versions and calibrations.
2 Data analysis
2.1 The IBIS coded-mask telescope
Table 2: Observed properties of INTEGRAL GRBs. GRBs detected after March 2007 are given here for completeness, but we have only extracted their coordinates and their t90.
IBIS (Ubertini et al. 2003b) is an imaging gamma-ray telescope, based on the coded-mask
technique, with a square field of view of
(at zero sensitivity). The sensitivity is maximum and nearly uniform within the inner
,
corresponding to the so called fully coded field of view (FCFOV). Our analysis is mainly based on data taken with the IBIS low energy detector ISGRI (Lebrun et al. 2003), consisting of an array of
CdTe crystals sensitive in the nominal 15 keV-1 MeV energy range. The CdTe detector thickness of 2 mm ensures an efficiency of 50% at 150 keV. Above this energy the efficiency decreases rapidly (10% at 300 keV), and although the brightest GRBs are detected up to
500 keV, the majority of the spectra presented here refer only to the 18-300 keV band. The central part of the IBIS field of view is covered also by the Joint European X-ray Monitor (JEM-X, Lund et al. 2003) and the Optical Monitoring Camera (OMC, Mas-Hesse et al. 2003). When possible we have also analyzed data from these instruments.
2.2 GRB sample
In Table 2 we list the 56 GRBs observed with ISGRI until now (end of September 2008). Most of them were discovered and localized with the INTEGRAL Burst Alert System (IBAS; Mereghetti et al. 2003b) and their coordinates were automatically distributed in near real time within a few seconds. The remaining ones were detected during the initial IBAS performance verification phase (when automated alert distribution was not yet enabled), in off-line searches, or after interactive verification of low significance IBAS internal alerts.
The sky distribution of the 56 bursts is
plotted in Fig. 1.
The concentration of events close to the galactic plane simply
reflects the greater exposure devoted to these regions by the
pointing program of INTEGRAL. The IBAS trigger efficiency is maximum in the fully coded field of view, where all of the detector is exposed to the flux of the source and the signal to noise ratio is maximized. Towards larger off-axis angle the efficiency decreases, so that we need a brighter burst to obtain the same signal-to-noise. On the other hand the sky area covered by the detector increases. Thus it is not surprising that the majority of GRBs have been detected at intermediate off-axis angles, as visible in Fig. 2 where we show the instrumental positions
of the bursts. 23% of the sample have been detected in the FCFOV, 55% have been detected with an off-axis angle between 4.5
and 12
,
the remaining 22% with an angle greater than 12
.
Some GRBs were detected at the very edge of the field of view, showing that the IBAS system is able to detect bursts in the whole field of view, provided the signal to noise ratio is large enough.
The GRB positions reported in Table 2 are derived taking into account the most accurate information on the satellite attitude. The errors on these coordinates are in most cases between 1.5 and 3 arcmin, basically limited by the statistical uncertainties. We also report the position of the afterglows (optical or X-ray) when available, as given in the references indicated in the last column. For these bursts, the difference between the ISGRI and the afterglow position is compared with the quoted uncertainties in Fig. 3, where we report the distance between the afterglow position and our position, normalized to the 90% error radius R90 quoted in Table 2, as a function of the off-axis angle. All the positions of the afterglows are within the error regions provided by ISGRI, thus the localization of GRBs are accurate and the error regions are well sized. Moreover there is no evidence of systematic errors depending on the position of the burst on the detector.
Column 13 of Table 2 gives the GRB peak flux in the 15-150 keV energy range integrated over 1 s. This has been computed by using the conversion factor from counts s-1 to photons cm-2 s-1 derived from the time integrated spectrum of each GRB. This value is corrected for the instrument dead-time.
2.3 Light curve extraction
To extract the GRB light curves, as well as for most of our timing
analysis, we used the software tools developed for the IBAS
interactive quick-look analysis. These tools are more suitable than the standard software (the Off-line Science Analysis software, OSA) for this kind of analysis.
The background subtracted light curves, in the 15-300 keV range,
are shown in Fig. 12. In order to obtain a better
signal to noise ratio, they were extracted only from detector
elements where the Pixel Illuminated Fraction (PIF) was greater
than 0.5. The background level is estimated with a linear fit to
time intervals of different durations appropriately chosen before
and after each GRB. The light curves have different bin sizes,
appropriate to the counts statistics, and the plotted count rates
are normalized taking into account the detector fraction
illuminated by the GRBs at the different off-axis angles. All
these light curves are corrected for the instrumental dead time,
that increased from 20% at the beginning of the mission
to the current value of
30%. We have applied this
correction via a multiplicative factor computed bin-by-bin, in
order to avoid distortions due to dead time variations during the
GRBs (for example in the case of GRB 041219 the dead time varied
from 25% to 40% during the main peaks). Some gaps due to
telemetry saturation occurring during the brightest parts of the
bursts are visible in the light curves. Unfortunately there is no way
to correct for this effect, since no information on the
corresponding events is stored onboard or sent to earth. We have
used the light curve of each GRB to determine its t90, the duration over
which 90% of the fluence of the burst is observed. These
intervals are indicated by the dashed lines in Fig. 12, while the dotted lines indicate the time interval from which we extracted the spectrum, when different from t90. In Fig. 4 we report the distribution of the durations for the 43 GRBs we have analyzed in this work.
2.4 Spectral extraction
In this work we have considered for the spectral analysis only the 45 bursts observed until March of 2007, since the data of the remaining ones are not yet publicly available. For two GRBs (GRB 021125 and GRB 030131) we were not able to perform the analysis (see Sect. 3), so our sample is composed of 43 GRBs. For the imaging and spectral analysis we used the latest release
of the standard software (OSA 7.0) distributed by the ISDC. The time integrated spectra of the faintest bursts were extracted from the t90 time intervals. For brighter bursts we use longer time intervals, indicated by the dotted lines in Fig. 12. For the spectral extraction we took into account the presence of all the other sources in the
field of view detected at more than 5.
This is crucial in the analysis of coded mask instruments with a wide field of view, where many detector pixels are exposed to the flux of
several sources. Spectra were usually extracted in 64 energy bins between 13 keV
and 1 MeV, and corrected for the instrumental dead time and for the variation of the mask transparency as a function of the GRB off-axis angle. When the GRB was too weak, or when other bright sources were present in the field of view, we used only 30 energy bins between 13 and 500 keV. The count spectra were then fitted using XSPEC v. 11.3 (Arnaud 1996), after excluding the energy bins below 18 keV, for which an accurate calibration is not available yet. We have also added a 3% systematic error to account for the calibration uncertainties. For the GRBs affected by telemetry saturation, we assumed that they kept their average spectrum and flux during the time gaps.
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Figure 1: Sky positions of the burst detected by IBAS in Galactic coordinates. |
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We considered the following spectral models:
- power law (PL) with photon index
:
(1)
- power law with exponential cutoff (CPL):
(2)
- quasi-thermal model (QT) (Ryde 2005; Ghirlanda et al. 2007; Thompson et al. 2007), consisting of a power law and a blackbody:
(3)
3 Results
The spectral results for the power law model are summarized in
Table 3. These fits are in general acceptable and give photon
index values around 1.6 (see Fig. 5).
Most of the burst spectra that result in unacceptable fits with this
model give better results with the introduction of an exponential
cut-off. The resulting best fit parameters are reported in Table 4, where also the F-test results are given to show the significance of the fit improvement. The confidence contours of
the photon index and cut-off energy are shown in
Fig. 6. Almost all the bursts showing evidence for a curved spectrum in the ISGRI energy range can also be fitted with the QT model, giving the best
fit parameters listed in Table 5.
3.1 GRB 021125
This burst, the first one discovered by IBIS, was observed during the INTEGRAL Performance and Verification phase, while the instruments were not yet fully operational. In particular, during the observation of this burst, ISGRI could transmit to ground only a limited amount of information because the majority of the telemetry allocation was used for other data. For this reason, the ISGRI data on GRB 021125 cannot be easily analyzed with the standard software and require an ad hoc treatment, as reported in Malaguti et al. (2003). We have not considered this burst in our work, but, for completeness, we give in Table 2 the results obtained by these authors.
3.2 GRB 021219
The results of this GRB, the first to be detected and localized
by the IBAS software, were first reported by Mereghetti et al. (2003a). By comparison with the Crab, due to the lack at that time of a proper calibration, they found a power law photon index
for the average spectrum, with evidence for a hard-to-soft evolution. We obtain a consistent value for the fluence, but a slightly
harder spectrum (see Table 3). Moreover, thanks to the improved spectral calibration now available, we have found convincing evidence of a spectral break at
E0=50-11+66 keV. Indeed the fit with the CP model results in a significant improvement, with an F-test chance probability of only
(see Table 4). We confirm the spectral evolution, as shown by the hardness ratio reported in Fig. 7.
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Figure 2: GRB positions in the detector coordinates. The region inside the dotted rectangle is the fully coded field of view. |
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Figure 3: Absolute position errors r as a function of the off-axis angle, for bursts with a detected optical afterglow. r is defined as the difference between the position obtained with ISGRI data and that of the optical afterglow. The error on the position of the optical afterglows is negligible. The absolute position error is given in units of r90, that is, the 90% error radius estimated during the analysis of ISGRI data. All the afterglows were found inside the error circle provided by ISGRI. |
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Figure 4: Distribution of t90 for INTEGRAL GRBs we have analyzed in this work. No short bursts ( t90 < 2 s) are present in the sample. |
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3.3 GRB 030131
This burst, lasting about two minutes, was partly observed during a satellite slew. The slew started at 07:39:09 UT, 20 s after the beginning of the burst, and resulted in a variation of 2
of the GRB position in the ISGRI field of view during the source activity period. The OSA software cannot be used to analyze data collected during slews, so we could not analize this GRB. We refer to the work of Götz et al. (2003) for a proper analysis using the IBAS software.
3.4 GRB 030227
This is the first INTEGRAL GRB for which X-ray and optical afterglow searches were successful (Castro-Tirado et al. 2003; Mereghetti et al. 2003c). Evidence for intrinsic absorption, as well as possible emission lines, were reported in the spectrum of its X-ray afterglow (Mereghetti et al. 2003c; Watson et al. 2003). The ISGRI spectrum reported here is slightly harder, but still consistent with that derived by Mereghetti et al. (2003c) using preliminary calibrations.
3.5 GRB 030320
This burst shows three different emission episodes, with several
peaks. The average spectrum is poorly fitted by a power law
(
with 24 d.o.f.), and also the CP (or Band) model
and the QT model do not give better fits. On the contrary, separately fitting the three emission episodes, we found that each of them is well described by a power law. The corresponding photon
indexes are
(
with 39 d.o.f.),
(
with 34 d.o.f.) and
(
with 24 d.o.f.). The first peak is the hardest, then there is a second softer peak, and a third hard peak again. A similarly complex spectral evolution has been seen in a few
other GRBs, for example GRB 060124 (Romano et al. 2006). Foley et al. (2008) reported a time dependent spectral lag:
s for the first peak, and a value close to zero (
s) for the third one. No spectral lag could be measured for the second peak, because it is observed only in the softer band. We can speculate, in the context of the fireball model, that the second peak could be the onset of the afterglow, i.e. it could be due to the external shock caused by the contact between the circumstellar medium and the expanding fireball, resulting from the merging of the two shells that produced the first peak. The time between the onset of the first peak and the onset of the second one (
s) is compatible with this hypothesis, provided we are in the thin shell case (Sari & Piran 1999), as expected when the prompt and the afterglow phases are distinct: using a typical Lorentz factor for the expanding shell (
), the start of the emission from the external shock would have taken place at the deceleration radius
cm from the center, that is a typical value in this scenario (see for example Piran 1999).
Table 3: Results of fitting spectra of INTEGRAL GRBs with a power law model.
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Figure 5: The distribution of the photon index of the single power law fits. All but two spectra are well described by a power law and are given in this plot, although for 9 of them a CPL or a QT model give a better fit. |
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Table 4: Results of fitting spectra of some INTEGRAL GRBs with a cut-off power law model.
Our spectral results on GRB 030320 differ from those reported by von Kienlin et al. (2003), who found systematically softer spectra. This is probably due to the inadequacy of the preliminary calibrations they used for this burst at a large off-axis angle (15.7).
3.6 GRB 030501
This single-peaked GRB was seen in the partially coded field of view, at 13
from the instrument axis. Due to the very large off-axis angle, only 10% of the detector plane
was illuminated by the source. The spectrum of GRB 030501 is well fitted by a power law, with no evidence for spectral cutoff or spectral evolution. While these could be intrinsic properties
of this burst, it is also likely that they are simply due to the poor statistics of the data. Our results are fully compatible with
those reported by Beckmann et al. (2003).
3.7 GRB 030529
GRB 030529 was discovered during an off-line re-analysis of the
INTEGRAL data, performed with an updated version of the IBAS tools, more sensitive than those used in real time during the first months of the mission. GRB 030529 was a 20 s long, faint burst, that occurred during a period of highly variable instrumental background (see Fig. 12). This explains why it was missed by the first version of the IBAS system. The spectrum we extracted is well fitted by a power law with a very soft photon index
.
Thus GRB 030529 belongs to the class of X-ray Flashes (XRF).
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Figure 6: Contour plot of the parameters of the CPL model. The lines are respectively 68%, 90% and 99% confidence levels. To make comparisons easier the axes are the same in all plots. |
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3.8 GRB 031203
GRB 031203 is among the most interesting GRBs discovered by
INTEGRAL. Its afterglow was observed at X-ray (Watson et al. 2004), IR/Optical (Cobb et al. 2004), and radio (Frail 2003) wavelengths, and spectroscopic evidence of an associated type Ic Supernova was found (Malesani et al. 2004b). The discovery of its host galaxy led to a redshift determination of z=0.106 (Prochaska et al. 2004), implying a surprisingly small isotropic-equivalent energy
-
erg. This value and the measure of
keV, derived from the average spectrum as observed by Konus-Wind (Ulanov et al. 2005), make GRB 031203 an outlier in the
-
relation (Amati 2006).
The X-ray images obtained with XMM-Newton led to the discovery of expanding rings due to the scattering of the GRB X-ray emission by dust grains in our Galaxy (Vaughan et al. 2004). The modelling of this GRB ``echo'' provides an indirect means to estimate the intensity of the prompt GRB emission at X-ray energies. This gives some evidence for an X-ray flux component in excess of the low-energy extrapolation of the INTEGRAL spectrum (Vaughan et al. 2004; Tiengo & Mereghetti 2006). Taking into account this phenomenon and other effects, GRB 031203 could be made consistent with the Amati correlation (Ghisellini et al. 2006).
The spectrum we extracted is well described by a power law. No improvements are achieved by using more complicated models, and we found no evidence of a spectral break. Our spectral parameters basically confirm the results given by Sazonov et al. (2004): their values for the fluence (
erg cm
)
and for the photon index (
)
are slightly different from ours, but this differences could easily be due to the much better calibration we used. Using Konus-Wind data, Ulanov et al. (2005) found a cutoff around 150 keV. We can obtain only a lower limit on the cutoff (
E0 > 100 keV, 90% c.l.), because the fluence at high energy is too small.
3.9 GRB 040106
This GRB is composed of two peaks separated by a quiescent period of 30 s. To optimize the signal to noise ratio, we extracted the average spectrum removing the quiescent period. The best fit model is a power law: no cutoff is detected. Our photon index is a little harder (but compatible) with that reported by Moran et al. (2005).
We found evidence of spectral evolution between the two peaks.
Their spectra are well described by a power law, with a photon index respectively of
(
with 46 d.o.f.) and
(
with 46 d.o.f.). This soft-to-hard evolution, also
noted by Moran et al. (2005), is not usual. We note however that the
quiescent time between the two peaks is quite long compared to the
duration of the peaks, so that the two emission episodes are
distinct and in principle could be uncorrelated.
This
is not the only peculiarity of this GRB: the X-ray afterglow,
promptly observed with XMM-Newton, decays as expected like a
power law with an index of
,
but is spectrally harder
than usual. This behavior is difficult to describe with a normal
fireball model, and requires ad-hoc adjustments (Moran et al. 2005).
3.10 GRB 040223
This faint GRB occurred in the Galactic plane (
)
at only
19
from the Galactic center, in a region where there are
several bright sources. Three low-mass X-ray binary systems were detected by ISGRI with
a significance above 5
in the time interval of the GRB, namely 4U 1636-536, H 1705-440, and GX 340+0. The presence of these sources has been properly taken into account
in the spectral analysis. GRB 040223 is composed by three peaks, with a soft integrated spectrum well fitted by a power law. The lack of adequate statistics prevents us from testing more
complex models or detecting any kind of spectral evolution. Our results are fully in agreement with those reported by Filliatre et al. (2006).
This burst was observed by XMM-Newton 5 h after the trigger, and a fading afterglow was detected (Tiengo et al. 2004).
3.11 GRB 040323
This GRB was single-peaked and quite intense. Nevertheless it is apparently a dark burst, as no afterglow was detected in the following hours and days. A tentative detection of an optical counterpart (Gal-Yam et al. 2004) has not been confirmed. The spectrum of the burst is well described by a CPL model, with a cutoff energy
keV (see Table 4). The F-test gives a probability of only
that the improvement obtained using the CPL model instead of the power law is obtained by chance. We report a contour plot of the CPL fit parameters in Fig. 6.
To our knowledge, there is no other published work about this burst made
using ISGRI data. Foley et al. (2008) used SPI data, fitting the spectrum of GRB 040323 with a power law. They found a best-fit photon index of
.
They could not detect the cutoff, due to the poor statistics of their spectrum. As a consequence they found a fluence slightly higher than ours.
3.12 GRB 040403
This burst is quite faint and soft, with an integrated spectrum well fitted by a power law with a photon index
.
Our results agree with those reported in Mereghetti et al. (2005), who found a slightly higher fluence, probably due to the non optimal calibration used at that time. We did not detect significant spectral evolution.
Unfortunately this GRB happened during a full-Moon night, so optical follow-ups were difficult and no optical afterglow was detected. Nevertheless, a quite deep limit in magnitude was
obtained 17 h after the trigger (R > 24.2, Mereghetti et al. 2005), indicating a rather faint afterglow, as seen in other soft and faint bursts. No X-ray or radio follow-up
observations were performed.
3.13 GRB 040422
This GRB was seen 9.4
off-axis, but it was bright enough to obtain a good quality spectrum that showed evidence of a cutoff at
keV (see Table 4). The F-test gives a probability of only
that the improvement of the fit with respect to the power law is obtained by chance. Our
results are compatible with those reported by Filliatre et al. (2005): they found a similar cutoff value, but they used the Band model fixing the high-energy photon index to -4. We have also obtained a good fit using the QT model, with parameters fully compatible with those reported by Foley et al. (2008) but with smaller errors. The F-test is not applicable here to
compare this fit with that obtained with the power law (Protassov et al. 2002). We obtain
the same
using both the CPL model and the QT model, but the latter model requires one more parameter.
The afterglow was detected by Filliatre et al. (2005) in the near infrared 2 h after the burst. They also identified the host galaxy, but it is too faint to measure the redshift.
3.14 GRB 040624
This burst was observed 12
off-axis, so that, despite its intrinsic brightness, it resulted in quite a low signal to noise level. Its spectrum is well described by a power law, with a photon index fully compatible with that reported by Filliatre et al. (2006). These authors derived a duration for the burst of T90=46 s, while we found T90=27 s. Moreover they reported a fluence nearly two times higher than ours. We do not understand the reason for these differences, but we think they could be due to an inadequate calibration.
Table 5: Results of fitting some spectra of INTEGRAL GRBs with a quasi-thermal model.
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Figure 7: Spectral evolution of GRB 021219: the hard-to-soft evolution is clearly visible. The hardness ratio is defined as H/S, where H is the count rate in the 50-300 keV range and S is the count rate in the 15-50 keV range. The gray region is affected by a telemetry gap, so no meaningful hardness ratio could be computed. |
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This GRB was promptly observed from the ground, but no optical afterglow was detected down to the magnitude R > 23.8 only half a day after the trigger, despite the very low Galactic absorption present in the burst direction. Thus this GRB could be intrinsically dark (Filliatre et al. 2006).
3.15 GRB 040730
This GRB was located very close to the Galactic plane, and only 34
from the Galactic center direction. In this direction the extinction is very intense, so it is not
surprising that no afterglows were detected at any wavelength. The spectrum of this burst is well fitted by a power law, with results in full agreement with those reported by Foley et al. (2008).
3.16 GRB 040812
This is the first burst that occurred in the field of view of the
JEM-X instrument. It was weak, but quite soft so that
it was well detected in the JEM-X energy band (3-35 keV). We have analyzed
the JEM-X data finding the burst best position at coordinates RA = 246.463, Dec = -44.714 (J2000), with a 2' error radius (90% c.l.). This position is fully in agreement with the ISGRI
one. The spectrum we have extracted from ISGRI data is well
described by a power law.
Adding the JEM-X data does not change significantly the best fit
parameters, owing to the large statistical errors. An extensive
multi wavelength campaign was performed to search for an afterglow
candidate. Only the Chandra/ACIS X-ray telescope found convincing evidence of a decaying source inside the IBIS error circle (Campana & Moretti 2004; Patel et al. 2004). Its coordinates,
RA = 246.5093, Dec = -44.7304, are 1.6' away from the IBIS
position, and at 2.1' from the JEM-X position. Following this
detection, D'Avanzo et al. (2006) found a decaying optical
source and a candidate host galaxy. Due to the lack of emission
features from the galaxy they could only derive a tentative
redshift range of
.
3.17 GRB 040827
This burst was rather faint and observed at an off-axis angle of
12,
with only
10% of the ISGRI detector surface
exposed to the source flux. Thus the trigger significance was
below the threshold for the automatic alert delivery. The burst
was confirmed by an interactive analysis and announced to the
scientific community about one hour later (Mereghetti et al. 2004a). Several
follow-up observations were carried out, leading to the detection
of the afterglow in the X-ray band with XMM-Newton and in the
NIR with the VLT. The accurate NIR position (RA = 229.25558,
Dec = -16.14142, de Luca et al. 2005) is only 0.6' away from the refined ISGRI position.
The analysis of this burst is made impossible by the presence in the
IBIS field of view of the very bright and variable source Sco X-1.
This low-mass X-ray binary is detected at 14
above the
background in the GRB time interval, and is only
away
from the IBIS optical axis. The GRB is detected instead only 10
above the background and is
off-axis, so that the field is dominated by the flux of Sco X-1. The spectra of both the GRB and Sco X-1 extracted at the same time, as requested by the nature of the coded-mask telescope, are distorted and cannot be fitted with reasonably simple models. To better understand the problem we have extracted two spectra of Sco X-1 in two
intervals before and after the GRB, lasting
30 s, like the GRB. Due to the short exposure, Sco X-1 is well
detected only in energy bins below 70 keV, while its contribution
is negligible above that energy. Both spectra are well
described by the best fit (averaged) model proposed by
Di Salvo et al. (2006). The spectrum extracted during the GRB is compatible with these ones only below 50 keV, while it shows a lack of counts in the 50-70 keV energy range. The GRB spectrum presents an excess in the same range. We conclude that the software is not able to properly disentangle the contributions of the two sources around 50 keV, so that both spectra are
distorted. We have tried to reduce the number of energy bins, and even to extract the spectra only around the peak of the GRB (maximizing the signal to noise ratio), but without results.
3.18 GRB 040903
This relatively faint and spectrally soft burst came from a
direction close to the Galactic center (
,
). Due to the presence of a faint ROSAT X-ray
source in its error region, the possibility that it was due to a
type I X-ray burst from an unidentified low mass X-ray binary was
considered in the initial reports (Götz et al. 2004a). However,
subsequent analysis (Kuulkers et al. 2004), confirmed here,
indicated that a type I X-ray burst origin is rather unlikely.
We therefore include this event in our sample of GRBs.
Indeed this burst is detected only below 100 keV and, although its
poorly constrained spectrum is consistent also with a blackbody,
there are several factors at variance with a type I X-ray burst
origin. The blackbody temperature of
keV is much
higher than that typically observed in X-ray bursts and there is
no evidence for a spectral softening. The ISGRI spectrum is also
well fit with a power law with photon index
.
Finally, no persistent emission from the
ROSAT source has been detected by INTEGRAL before or
after the burst. Thus we conclude that the nature of this burst is
that of an X-ray flash.
3.19 GRB 041015
This faint GRB was detected
off-axis, and its significance was below the threshold for the automatic delivery of the alert message. A
manual alert was distribuited about 1 h later (Mereghetti et al. 2004b). Despite the follow up observations carried out by optical and infrared observatories, no afterglow candidates were detected.
3.20 GRB 041218
The spectrum of GRB 041218 is well described by a power law.
Foley et al. (2008) obtained peak flux and fluence values very similar to
those reported here, but they were unable to fit the spectrum with
a power law and obtained only marginally acceptable fits with the
CPL and the QT model. This is probably due to the use of old
spectral extraction software and calibration responses not
optimized at large off-axis angles. In fact this bright burst was
at an off-axis angle of 13
.
The light curve of GRB 041218 shows three main peaks, for which we
extracted individual spectra: they are well described by power
laws, with photon index respectively
,
and
.
While
the first and the second peaks are almost identical, the third
one is slightly softer.
An optical afterglow has been detected, and two breaks in the temporal decay have been reported by Torii et al. (2005).
3.21 GRB 041219A
Thanks to the long duration of this GRB, the IBAS alert was issued when the burst was still on going (Götz et al. 2004b). This allowed robotic telescopes to detect a prompt optical and IR flash
(Blake et al. 2005; Vestrand et al. 2005) whose position was consistent with the IBAS one. GRB 041291A is the longest and brightest GRB in the IBIS sample,
and could be studied in detail. For example, using SPI data a high degree of polarization of the prompt emission was reported for this burst, but with low significance (McGlynn et al. 2007).
The burst is composed of three distinct emission episodes: two close precursor peaks, and then after a quiescent interval the main GRB emission. The spectra of the two precursors are well described by power laws, with a photon index respectively of
(
with 46 d.o.f.) and
(
with 36 d.o.f.). The spectral evolution is evident. Also the spectrum of the GRB is well described by a power law, with a photon index of
(
with 46 d.o.f.). In order to study the spectral evolution, we have divided the GRB in two parts: the first one from 240 s to 356 s and the second one from 356 s to the end of the burst (see Fig. 12). The corresponding spectra can be described with power laws, with a photon index of
(
with 46 d.o.f.) and
(
for 46 d.o.f.) respectively. Again the softening is evident. For a more detailed analysis of this peculiar event, and a comparison with the analysis of SPI data, see Götz et al. (2008, in preparation).
3.22 GRB 050129
This very faint GRB was below the significance level requested for the automatic delivery of the IBAS alert. Its spectrum is quite soft, so it is revealed only below 120 keV. No afterglow candidates have been detected.
3.23 GRB 050223
This GRB was discovered by Swift (Mitani et al. 2005).
Just by chance INTEGRAL was observing in the direction of this
burst, that was thus detected by the IBIS instrument at an
off-axis angle of 14.
The burst triggered the IBAS
programs, however the alert was not automatically distributed,
because the burst occurred during a short time interval (200 s) in
which one of the 8 modules composing the ISGRI detector was
switched off (this is done autonomously by the on board software
handling the noisy pixels). Under these circumstances there is the
possibility that IBAS incorrectly assigns to the GRB the
coordinates of one of its ghost images, so automatic alert distributions are disabled. In the off-line analysis it was possible to take these effects into account.
Our results are fully compatible with those obtained by Page et al. (2005) with Swift data.
Following the Swift /BAT trigger and the Swift/XRT detection
(Giommi et al. 2005), several follow-up observations were carried
out. An afterglow was detected with XMM-Newton in the X-ray band
(de Luca & Campana 2005), but not at optical/NIR wavelengths. A
galaxy at redshift z=0.584 is contained in the 1.5 arcsec
radius error region provided by XMM-Newton (Pellizza et al. 2006).
Assuming that this is the GRB host galaxy, the isotropic energy
output can be estimated as 1051 erg, a quite low value.
However, the probability of a chance superposition between the
putative host galaxy and the X-ray error circle is 19%
(Cobb & Bailyn 2008).
3.24 GRB 050502
This burst was in the fully coded field of view of IBIS, but it
occurred just after a satellite slew. This is the reason why
time bins before 02:13:56 UT are lacking in the light curve.
Moreover there was a telemetry saturation causing data loss at
02:14:10 UT. Thus our measures of t90 and fluence are only
lower limits. The spectrum has a very good signal-to-noise ratio
and is poorly described by a power law (
with 46 d.o.f.). A CPL model gives a better fit (
with 45 d.o.f.). The F-test gives a chance probability of observing such a
improvement of only
.
The measured cutoff energy is
keV and the CPL photon index is
.
These values correspond to a peak energy
keV. Our measure is
fully compatible with that reported by Schaefer (2007). In
Fig. 6 we report the confidence contour for
the two parameters of the CPL model. The spectrum of this GRB can
also be well described with a QT model (
with 44 d.o.f.), with the parameters reported in Table 5.
Only 23 s after the IBAS trigger, the ROTSE-IIIb
robotic telescope started to observe the field of GRB 050502 and
discovered its optical afterglow. Follow-up observations allowed investigators
to detect a break in the light curve that seemed to be achromatic
(Guidorzi et al. 2005; Yost et al. 2006). Moreover, the Keck-I optical
telescope acquired a high-resolution spectrum of the afterglow
only 3 h after the burst, measuring a redshift of z=3.793(Prochaska et al. 2005). This is the first INTEGRAL GRB with both
a measured cutoff and a known redshift. With this information we
can derive the GRB parameters in the cosmological rest frame, using the procedure
described by Amati et al. (2002). Using the total duration of the
burst (20 s), we computed the total emitted energy (in the
isotropic hypothesis)
erg. The
rest-frame peak energy resulted in
keV, while the isotropic (peak) luminosity resulted in
erg s-1. We used the standard values for the cosmological parameters (H0=70 km s-1 Mpc,
and
). In Fig. 8 we report our measured values for
,
and
:
we can see that this GRB lies quite well on the Amati and Yonetoky correlations. We note, however, that our value for
could be affected by the unknown duration of the GRB, as mentioned above.
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Figure 8:
Position of two INTEGRAL GRBs on the |
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3.25 GRB 050504
This burst was detected in the fully coded field of view, with
the whole detector area exposed to the flux of the source.
The resulting good statistics allowed us to measure a spectral
cutoff. In fact the CPL model gave a better fit than a power law,
with an F-test chance probability of
.
We also tried the QT model, but the best fit value for the blackbody normalization is compatible with zero and without any improvement
in the fit quality.
Despite the location of this burst at high Galactic latitude
(
), the presence of a 10th magnitude K type
star prevented the observation of part of the error region (90''radius). The precise position derived for the X-ray afterglow,
later discovered with Swift (Kennea et al. 2005c), is
inconsistent with that of the bright star. The upper limits for
the optical afterglow are thus rather constraining: independent
groups reported values of
and
a few minutes
after the burst (see for example Cenko & Fox 2005).
3.26 GRB 050520
The integrated spectrum of this multi-peaked GRB is well described
by a power law.
In order to investigate the spectral evolution of the burst, we
have divided the emission in three main episodes: from T0+55s to T0+85 s, from T0+85 s to T0+100 s, and T0+100 s to T0+120 s (see Fig. 12). The three corresponding spectra
are well fitted by power laws, with photon index
(
with 33 d.o.f.),
(
with 33 d.o.f.) and
(
with 33 d.o.f.), respectively. Thus, there is no evidence of spectral evolution. Spectral differences could be present in the several peaks contained in each of these intervals, but the burst is not bright enough to allow a spectral analysis for each peak.
Swift/XRT observed the field of GRB 050520 about 2 h after the trigger, detecting a fading X-ray counterpart (Kennea et al. 2005b).
3.27 GRB 050522
This is one of the faintest bursts detected with INTEGRAL. No
emission above 40 keV was detected with IBIS/ISGRI for this
burst that can thus be classified as an X-ray flash.
Swift reported an X-ray source outside the IBAS error
region, but subsequent observations showed it to be unrelated to
the burst. The same observations led to the discovery of a fading
X-ray source inside the error box, tentatively identified with
the afterglow of this burst (Capalbi et al. 2005). However, the
variability of this source has not been confirmed, so the
identification remains uncertain.
3.28 GRB 050525A
This very bright burst, discovered by Swift, occurred by
chance within the IBIS field of view, although at a very large
off-axis angle (14.7). A telemetry saturation caused a
gap in its light curve. The spectrum of this burst cannot be well
fitted by a power law, and requires a CPL or a QT model. Our best-fit
parameters of the CPL model are compatible with those obtained
with Swift (Cummings et al. 2005) and with Konus-WIND
(Golenetskii et al. 2005). The fit with the QT model is good, but
gave a slightly worse
with one degree of freedom less
than the CPL model.
The high level of coding noise in the deconvolved image, due to the
very large off-axis position of the burst, and the simultaneous presence of Cyg X-1 in the field of view, conspired to make GRB 050525A undetectable in real time by the IBAS programs. This was unfortunate, since the Swift localization had a delay of six minutes and the initial part of the optical afterglow was missed by ground based telescopes. The ROTSE-III and TAROT robot telescopes detected the optical afterglow at ten minutes after the burst (Klotz et al. 2005; Rykoff et al. 2005), while earlier optical data were obtained with UVOT on board Swift (Holland et al. 2005). Further observations led to the determination of the redshift z=0.6 (Foley et al. 2005) and to the detection of the radio afterglow (Cameron & Frail 2005). The rest frame cutoff energy is
keV, the isotropic emitted energy of
erg and the peak luminosity
erg s-1. All these values are compatible with those found with Swift (Nava et al. 2006). In Fig. 8 we report our measured values for
,
and
:
we can see that GRB 050525 lies on both the Amati and the Yonetoku correlations.
3.29 GRB 050626
This GRB was nearly on axis, lying also within the field of view
of the OMC optical telescope. IBAS correctly localized the burst
in the IBIS image and a telecommand to place a CCD window at the
burst coordinates was automatically sent to the OMC.
Unfortunately, the GRB was at only 2' from one of the brightest
stars in the sky,
Crucis, that has a magnitude of 0.8. Thus the
region where the GRB took place is severely affected by saturation
by this very bright star, making the OMC data for this burst useless. This burst was also detected by JEM-X at coordinates
RA = 186.74, Dec = -63.13, 25 arcsec away from the ISGRI position.
The ISGRI spectrum is well fitted by a power law. Adding the
JEM-X spectrum does not change significantly the
best fit parameter. No afterglow has been detected (Mangano et al. 2005; Gorosabel et al. 2005).
3.30 GRB 050714
The spectrum of this faint burst was well fitted by a power law. The light curve is composed of three peaks, but the burst is too weak to perform a time-resolved spectral analysis. A few minutes after the onset of the burst two sources were proposed as optical counterparts (Klose et al. 2005a), but these detections were not confirmed. About 14 h later an X-ray candidate was detected using Swift/XRT (Racusin et al. 2005), and soon after an optical source was discovered in the XRT error circle (Klose et al. 2005b). The optical variability of the source has not been confirmed, so its identification with the afterglow has to be taken with care.
3.31 GRB 050918
This burst was at 14
off-axis, with only a few percent of the detector surface exposed. No prompt IBAS Alert had been issued for this burst because its significance was below the threshold for automatic alert delivery. The light curve shows two distinct emission episodes, separated by a quiescent period of
180 s. The missing data visible in the light curve are due to telemetry
saturation. We have extracted the spectrum excluding the quiescent period. It is well fitted by a power law. Contrary to the results of Foley et al. (2008), we could not find
improvements in the fit using the CPL or QT models. This difference is probably due to the better calibration for large off-axis angles now available.
We have also extracted the spectra of the two emission episodes
separately. Although they are separated by a long quiescent
period, they are both fitted with practically the same power law
photon index:
for the first episode
(
with 30 d.o.f.), and
for
the second episode (
with
30 d.o.f.).
A follow-up observation of this burst was carried out with Swift, revealing a previously uncatalogued faint X-ray source inside the 2.8 arcmin radius INTEGRAL error circle (Kennea et al. 2005a). There was no evidence of fading in this source, however as this observation occurred more than 2 days after the burst, this result is expected.
3.32 GRB 050922
The significance of this faint burst was below the threshold for automatic alert delivery. The burst is detected only up to 100 keV, with a very low signal-to-noise ratio, so its spectrum is affected by large uncertainties. No afterglow was detected (Sonoda et al. 2005).
3.33 GRB 051105B
This faint burst was observed only 2.5
off-axis. This
position is within the field of view of JEM-X, but just outside that of
the OMC. The position derived with JEM-X,
RA = 9.442, Dec =-40.495, is 1.5 arcmin away from the ISGRI
position. Due to the low significance of the detection at soft
X-ray energies, is not possible to extract a spectrum with JEM-X
data. The ISGRI spectrum is well fitted by a power law.
Despite the position of the burst, it was observed with optical instruments only a few hundred seconds after its onset, no afterglow was detected (Torii & Mereghetti 2005; Distefano et al. 2005; Kinugasa & Torii 2005). The field was observed two days later with XRT and UVOT onboard Swift. Again, no afterglow was detected (Blustin et al. 2005; Mineo et al. 2005).
3.34 GRB 051211B
This GRB was observed about 10
off-axis. Its spectrum
is well described by a power law.
This burst was promptly observed by optical telescopes and by
Swift/XRT. An afterglow candidate was detected in X-rays
(La Parola et al. 2005), then confirmed in the optical
(Jelinek et al. 2005). There has been also a detection at radio
wavelength, but it was not confirmed (Frail 2005).
3.35 GRB 060114
This faint GRB was only 2.6
from the IBIS optical axis. Thus it was in the JEM-X field of view, but too faint to be detected. Its spectrum is well fitted by a simple power law, with a quite hard photon index. No afterglow was detected.
3.36 GRB 060130
This is another faint GRB, seen near the IBIS optical axis (3
off-axis). Despite it being inside the JEM-X field of view, it is not detected due to its faintness. Its spectrum is well fitted with a power law. No afterglow was detected.
3.37 GRB 060204
This faint GRB was observed at the edge of the fully coded field of view of IBIS, and slightly outside of the field of view of JEM-X. Its spectrum is well described by a power law. No afterglow was detected.
3.38 GRB 060428C
This bright GRB occurred during a short period in which IBAS was not running. It was detected off-line by Grebenev & Chelovekov (2007). The
light curve shows several peaks, with no (or very short) periods of
quiescence. The gaps visible after the highest peak is due to
telemetry saturation. The integrated spectrum cannot be described by a power law (
with 46 d.o.f.), while is well fitted by a CPL model with photon index
and cutoff energy
E0=85-19+34 keV
(
with 45 d.o.f.). The F-test chance probability of
obtaining such an improvement is only
.
The
spectrum can be described also by a QT model with blackbody
temperature
kT=19.47-2.56+2.34 keV and photon index
.
We have also perfomed a time-resolved spectral analysis, dividing the burst in three parts, and fitting with a power law, a CPL and a QT model. The results, reported in Table 1, are fully in agreement with those of Grebenev & Chelovekov (2007). Note, however, that those authors gave errors at a 1
level. The GRB shows a clear spectral evolution, going from quite a soft spectrum to a harder one, then coming back to soft emission.
Owing to the lack of notification by the IBAS system no follow-up observations were done.
3.39 GRB 060901
This burst was observed 14
off-axis, with only a few percent of the detector surface exposed to the flux from the source. In the light curve there is a gap due to telemetry saturation. The spectrum is well described by a power law (
with 46 d.o.f.). While the CPL model does not improve the fit, the QT model describes the spectrum slightly better (
with 44 d.o.f.) than the power law. However, the contour plot in Fig. 9 shows that the best fit parameters are not well constrained. The limited fit improvement and the poor constraints of the parameters indicate that probably this result is not significant. Foley et al. (2008) did not succeed in fitting the spectrum of GRB 060901 with a power law, and use a QT model with parameters compatible with ours. However, they obtain larger uncertainties and a worse
.
This again could be due to the different calibration they used, that is not optimal in analyzing bursts with such large off-axis angles. GRB 060901 was also detected by Konus-Wind (Golenetskii et al. 2006a). They found that its integrated spectrum is well fitted by a Band model in the range 20 keV-2 MeV, with
,
and
E0=156-71+46 keV.
An afterglow candidate has been discovered by Swift/XRT (Racusin et al. 2006). A tentative optical counterpart has been also proposed (Wiersema et al. 2007), but not confirmed.
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Figure 9: Contour plot of the QT model parameters applied to GRB 060901. The contours are at 68%, 90% and 99% confidence levels for two parameters of interest. |
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3.40 GRB 060912B
This is a very long and faint GRB, with a slow rise and and a slow decay. Its spectrum is well fitted by a power law, while there are not enough statistics to constrain both the CPL and the QT models. No afterglow was detected.
3.41 GRB 060930
This is another quite faint GRB, detected 8.5
off-axis. Its spectrum
is well described by a power law, with no improvement in the fit using the CPL model or the QT model. No afterglow was detected.
3.42 GRB 061025
This burst was detected 8.4
away from the IBIS optical axis. Its spectrum is not described very well by a power law (
with 46 d.o.f.), while a CPL model describes it much better (
with 45 d.o.f., F-test chance probability of
). We can obtain a good fit with the QT model too, but with one more parameter (
with 44 d.o.f.). We obtain best fit parameters for the QT model compatible with that of Foley et al. (2008), but with smaller errors. On the contrary, they could not fit the spectrum with a CPL model, probably because of their software version: OSA 5.1 is not optimal in extracting spectra from a source with an off-axis angle so large.
Following the localization provided by the IBAS system, the Swift/XRT detected the X-ray counterpart (Mineo et al. 2006) and the ROTSE III optical telescope confirmed it (Yuan & Rykoff 2006).
3.43 GRB 061122
This is a bright GRB, observed at 8.2
from the IBIS optical axis. This burst also triggered Konus-Wind (Golenetskii et al. 2006b). Two gaps due to telemetry saturation are visible in the light curve, so that the peak flux reported in Table 2 should be regarded as a lower limit. The spectrum is poorly described by a power law model (
with 39 d.o.f.), while we obtained a good fit with the CPL model (
with 45 d.o.f.). The F-test probability of obtaining a similar improvement by chance is
.
We measured a photon index
and a cutoff energy
E0=122-31+60 keV. Also the spectrum measured by Konus-Wind is well fitted by a CPL model, with
and
E0=160-7+8 keV (Golenetskii et al. 2006b). These values are compatible with ours. Our spectrum also could be fitted with the QT model, with a similar quality (
with 43 d.o.f.). Foley et al. (2008) obtain the best description of the spectrum of GRB 061122 using a QT model, while they were not able to constrain the cutoff energy in the CPL model. Moreover, their best fit value for the blackbody temperature in the QT model (
keV) is only marginally compatible with ours (
keV). This could be due again to the off-axis angle of this burst.
An afterglow has been detected at X-ray wavelengths (Halpern 2006) and in the optical band (Halpern & Armstrong 2006).
3.44 GRB 070903
This long and faint GRB was observed with an off-axis angle of 7.6.
Its integrated spectrum is affected by large statistical errors due to the low signal to noise ratio. It is well described by a power law (
with 16 d.o.f.), while neither the CPL model nor the QT model give a better fit.
The X-ray afterglow of this GRB has been observed by Swift/XRT (Vergani et al. 2007).
3.45 GRB 070311
This burst was observed at a position 12
away from the IBIS optical axis. Its spectrum is well described by a power law, with no improvement adopting other models. Our results are compatible with that of Sazonov et al. (2007) and Guidorzi et al. (2007b).
Thanks to the prompt localization provided by the IBAS system, the REM telescope detected the afterglow of GRB 070311 only 51 s after the onset of the GRB (Covino et al. 2007). The afterglow was later observed by other observatories at optical wavelengths, and by the Swift/XRT at soft X-ray energies (Guidorzi et al. 2007a). The light curve of the afterglow showed a major rebrightnening and other interesting features, described in detail in Guidorzi et al. (2007b).
4 Discussion
4.1 Spectral results
We have measured the cutoff energy E0 in 9 out of 43 GRBs, corresponding to 20% of our sample. The values of E0 are in the range 50-150 keV, and are clustered around 80 keV (see
Fig. 10). This is not surprising, because most of the spectra have a significant signal from 18 keV to 300 keV, but the spectral bins above 200 keV usually have large
statistical errors. In order to constrain the cutoff energy, a significant number of energy bins with good statistics are needed both below and above the cutoff value. Thus, the limited bandpass of ISGRI introduces a bias in the cutoff measurement, as also seen in similar instruments, like Swift/BAT (see, i.e., Ghirlanda et al. 2008). Sakamoto et al. (2008) studied a large sample of BAT bursts detecting a cutoff energy in 32 long GRBs out of 216, a percentage (
15%) even smaller than that found in our sample.
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Figure 10:
Cut-off energy E0 as a function of the mean countrate (background subtracted, not renormalized) measured during each GRB. The error bars are at the 90% confidence level for a single parameter of interest. The dashed line is the mean cutoff energy
|
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![]() |
Figure 11: Normalized integral distributions of fluences ( left) and peak fluxes ( right) for both ISGRI and BAT. |
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The largest GRB sample with good spectral information currently
available is that obtained with the BATSE/CGRO experiment. It
demonstrates that the majority of GRBs are well fitted by the Band
model (Preece et al. 2000; Band et al. 1993). Analyzing the subsample of very
bright GRBs, with peak flux >10 ph cm-2 s-1 and
fluence >10-5 erg cm-2 (20-2000 keV), Kaneko et al. (2006, hereafter K06) found that the average values
for the low- and high-energy photon index are
and
,
respectively. The two photon index
distributions are clustered around these values and are well
separated. Our photon index distribution (Fig. 5) peaks around 1.6, a value between the average values of
and
.
A similar result was found
for Swift/BAT GRBs (Sakamoto et al. 2008). If the results found by
K06 using only the brightest bursts apply to the whole GRB population, we can conclude that we are unable to see some cutoff
energies either because they are within the ISGRI energy range but
the spectra do not have high enough statistics, or because the cut-off
lies outside the ISGRI energy band. In both cases the
observed spectrum would have some curvature, so that in both
cases the best fit with a single power law would give a photon
index intermediate between
and
.
To estimate the number of undetected cutoffs in our ISGRI spectra,
we should know the real distribution of the cutoff values. From
the existence of correlations between the energetics of a burst and
its spectral parameters (for example the Amati relations, Amati et al. 2002), we know that the distribution of E0 is not independent of the fluence distribution of the sample.
Only four GRBs of our sample satisfy the brightness criteria of K06, so the cutoff energy distribution derived by those authors is not useful for our purposes. Nava et al. (2008) extended the spectral analysis of BATSE bursts to lower fluences, down to
erg cm-2 (20-2000 keV), and found that 35% of
them have a cutoff below 150 keV. In our sample there are 30 bursts above this fluence
, and the 9 bursts for
which we could measure the cutoff are in this sub-sample (corresponding to the 30%). The photon index distribution of the other 21 bursts of this sub-sample is again centered on
.
Thus we
conclude that we are probably not missing more than a few cutoffs in the subsample with
,
so we have not measured a cutoff energy for most of the remaining 21 bursts because it lies above 150 keV or below 20 keV. We can also say that the population of bursts observed by ISGRI with
has spectral properties compatible with those observed by BATSE. For the burst with a fluence lower than F0 we cannot say if we are missing the measurement or if the cutoff is outside our band.
4.2 Spectral evolution
When the fluence of the burst was high enough, we performed a time-resolved spectral analysis that showed different kinds of spectral evolution. In particular, we can divide the spectrally evolving bursts in two classes: single-peaked bursts with spectral evolution, and multi-peaked bursts with spectral differences between the peaks. In the first class we detected only one case of the classical hard-to-soft evolution (GRB 021219). In the second class we detected hard-to-soft evolution (GRB 041218, GRB 041219), soft-to-hard evolution (GRB 040106), more complex evolution (GRB 030320, GRB 060428C) and also one case of no evolution at all (GRB 050918). All these cases are described individually in Sect. 3.
4.3 Peak fluxes distribution
In Fig. 11 we show the normalized integral distributions of fluences and peak fluxes for both ISGRI and BAT. The two instruments are very similar from several points of view, with the most important difference being the larger field of view covered by BAT. Thus we expect that the burst populations seen by the two instruments should be very similar. As discussed above, this seems to be true from the spectral point of view. To check if the distributions of fluence and peak flux of the two samples also are similar, we applied a Kolmogorov-Smirnoff (KS) test to the data of Fig. 11. This gave a probability of 12% that the ISGRI and BAT fluences are drawn from the same distribution, while for the peak fluxes the probability is 3%. The latter result suggests that the two populations are somewhat different, with ISGRI detecting fainter GRBs than BAT. However, larger samples are required to eventually confirm this possible difference.
4.4 The rate of short bursts
The IBAS system detected 2 out of 56 short hard bursts, corresponding to 3.5%, while Swift/BAT found
8%. This small difference is consistent with the small statistics of the samples. However, the BATSE experiment onboard CGRO found that 1 burst out of 4 was a short hard GRB (25%). This discrepancy is more compelling. We have to take into account, however, that BATSE was better suited to detect hard bursts: it was based on a different technology than both ISGRI and BAT, and it had a broader bandpass and a larger effective area at high energy. This fact alone could explain the difference in the measured rate of short hard bursts. We will soon have an independent measurement of this rate by the Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) onboard Fermi.
4.5 On the relation between spectral lags and peak fluxes
Peaks of GRBs occur at slightly different times in different energy bands (Cheng et al. 1995). In general they migrate to later times and become wider going to lower energy, although some GRBs with the opposite trend have been observed (Chen et al. 2005). This so-called ``spectral lag'' correlates with the peak flux of the GRBs (Norris et al. 2000; Tsutsui et al. 2008; Norris 2002): long spectral lags have been measured mainly in GRBs with low peak fluxes, while short spectral lags have been observed in bursts with both high and low peak fluxes. Based on these findings, one can divide GRBs in three groups: bright with short lags, faint with short lags, and faint with long lags.
Foley et al. (2008) measured the spectral lags of INTEGRAL GRBs, and divided the sample in two classes: long-lag GRBs (
s) and short-lag GRBs (
s).
Based on peak fluxes taken from literature or, when unavailable, analyzing the data themselves, they could verify that the three groups mentioned above are also visible in the INTEGRAL GRB sample.
In some cases we found GRB peak fluxes quite different from those used by these authors. We therefore repeated their analysis, using their time-lag values, but the peak fluxes computed by us in a consistent way for all the GRBs. We found that the conclusions on the spectral lag-peak flux correlation in INTEGRAL GRBs found by Foley et al. (2008) are confirmed.
4.6 Spatial distribution
While the whole INTEGRAL GRB sample is isotropically distributed, the sub-sample of bursts with long lag and low luminosity is spatially correlated with the supergalactic plane (Foley et al. 2008). This result, which supports the existence of a local GRB population, relies on an accurate estimate of the INTEGRAL sky coverage. In computing the sky coverage, these authors used the INTEGRAL exposure maps, but neglected other factors affecting the sensitivity of GRB triggers, thus potentially biasing the observed sky distribution of the faintest bursts (which are indeed those for which an anisotropy was found).
Therefore, to better investigate this interesting point, we
computed an IBIS exposure map by also taking into account the
sensitivity variations of the IBAS triggers. These are dominated
by changes in the background level resulting from the presence of
bright sources in the field of view, particle induced events such
as solar flares or radiation belt passages, as well as the long
term background increase during the mission due to the solar
cycle. Based on the actual ISGRI background level measured in
each pointing, we rescaled the exposure time with respect to that
of an ideal reference pointing (i.e. a high galactic latitude
pointing performed at the beginning of the mission and without
strong sources in the field of view).
The effective exposure time,
,
has been computed as
,
where
bkgi is the background level for the considered pointing,
is the reference background, and t0 is the raw
exposure time. As an example, the effective exposure time with
this improved calculation gives
12 Ms for the Galactic
Center region, compared to
17 Ms obtained with the simple
time exposure map.
After having computed the improved exposure map, we simulated a population of 50 000 GRBs uniformly distributed over the entire sky following our new map. For this burst population we derived the
quadrupole moment with respect to the supergalactic plane, in order to derive our bias, which is Q=0.046. Then we derived the GRB quadrupole moment for the 11 long-lag GRBs which results in
,
while for all INTEGRAL GRBs we obtain
.
Once one subtracts the bias, one obtains
for long lag GRBs and
for the whole sample. These results confirm the findings of Foley et al. (2008), but with our improved method we enhanced the statistical significance of the quadrupole moment for long lag
bursts from
2.5 to
3
.
5 Conclusions
We have provided a complete spectral catalogue of the publicly available INTEGRAL GRBs, based on IBIS data. By using the latest available software and calibration, we were able to derive accurate spectral parameters for all the bursts in a coherent way, superseding and harmonising all the previous results that could be found in literature. In addition, the spectral evolution of the bursts could be studied in detail for most of the sources.
By computing an accurate exposure map, which takes into account the variation of the instrumental background over our dataset, we were able to confirm, with a higher significance, the clustering of faint, long-lag bursts around the supergalactic plane, supporting the existence of a local GRB population.
We have shown that, despite the good ISGRI sensitivity, which is slightly better then the BAT one,
only for a limited number of bursts could the spectral description go beyond a simple power law.
Indeed, our analysis and other works in the literature have shown that, despite the increasing number of GRBs with measured redshift, provided mainly by Swift, the number of bursts for which
both good spectral and redshift information are available is still limited. Although IBIS has a slightly broader band pass, and better chances to determine
with respect to BAT,
it is limited by a smaller field of view, and by its pointing strategy biased towards the low Galactic latitudes, where optical absorption is severe. This explains the low redshift determination rate for INTEGRAL GRBs (
5%).
The INTEGRAL and Swift experience has shown that wide field coded mask instruments are a powerful tool for GRB detection and localization, but the lack of sensitivity over a broad bandpass hampers the progress in GRB science. Even in the presence of a redshift determination, with the simple power law description, a key parameter like the overall energy budget of the source cannot be determined, and accurate attempts to model the prompt GRB emission cannot be performed.
The combined use of these satellites with the non-imaging Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) on board Fermi, or the Wide-band All-sky Monitor (WAM) on board Suzaku can improve the quality of GRB prompt data, but the rate of simultaneous detections is small, due to different sensitivities, pointing strategies or earth occultation constraints. Future GRB missions should carry adequate instruments in order to simultaneously obtain prompt localisations and broad band spectroscopy.
Acknowledgements
Based on observations with INTEGRAL, an ESA project with instruments and science data centre funded by ESA member states (especially the PI countries: Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Spain), Czech Republic and Poland, and with the participation of Russia and the USA. ISGRI has been realized and maintained in flight by CEA-Saclay/Irfu with the support of CNES. This research has been supported by the Italian Space Agency through contract ASI-INAF I/023/05/0. G.V. thanks A. Paizis for helping in the INTEGRAL data reduction and for her effort in solving related problems; M.Turler of the INTEGRAL helpdesk; L.Nava for sharing her knowledge and for interesting discussions. D.G. acknowledges the French Space Agency (CNES) for financial support.
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Figure 12: Light curves of INTEGRAL GRBs. |
Open with DEXTER |
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Figure 12: continued. |
Open with DEXTER |
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Figure 12: continued. |
Open with DEXTER |
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Figure 12: continued. |
Open with DEXTER |
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Figure 12: continued. |
Open with DEXTER |
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Figure 12: continued. |
Open with DEXTER |
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Figure 12: continued. |
Open with DEXTER |
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Figure 12: continued. |
Open with DEXTER |
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Figure 12: continued. |
Open with DEXTER |
Footnotes
- ... data
- See http://ibas.iasf-milano.inaf.it
- ... fluence
- For a typical spectrum with
,
, and E0=200 keV, the fluence threshold used by Nava et al. (2008) translates to
erg cm-2 in our energy band (20-200 keV).
All Tables
Table 1: Results of the time-resolved spectral analysis of GRB 060428C. Errors are at 90% c.l.
Table 2: Observed properties of INTEGRAL GRBs. GRBs detected after March 2007 are given here for completeness, but we have only extracted their coordinates and their t90.
Table 3: Results of fitting spectra of INTEGRAL GRBs with a power law model.
Table 4: Results of fitting spectra of some INTEGRAL GRBs with a cut-off power law model.
Table 5: Results of fitting some spectra of INTEGRAL GRBs with a quasi-thermal model.
All Figures
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Figure 1: Sky positions of the burst detected by IBAS in Galactic coordinates. |
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
![]() |
Figure 2: GRB positions in the detector coordinates. The region inside the dotted rectangle is the fully coded field of view. |
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
![]() |
Figure 3: Absolute position errors r as a function of the off-axis angle, for bursts with a detected optical afterglow. r is defined as the difference between the position obtained with ISGRI data and that of the optical afterglow. The error on the position of the optical afterglows is negligible. The absolute position error is given in units of r90, that is, the 90% error radius estimated during the analysis of ISGRI data. All the afterglows were found inside the error circle provided by ISGRI. |
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
![]() |
Figure 4: Distribution of t90 for INTEGRAL GRBs we have analyzed in this work. No short bursts ( t90 < 2 s) are present in the sample. |
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
![]() |
Figure 5: The distribution of the photon index of the single power law fits. All but two spectra are well described by a power law and are given in this plot, although for 9 of them a CPL or a QT model give a better fit. |
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
![]() |
Figure 6: Contour plot of the parameters of the CPL model. The lines are respectively 68%, 90% and 99% confidence levels. To make comparisons easier the axes are the same in all plots. |
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
![]() |
Figure 7: Spectral evolution of GRB 021219: the hard-to-soft evolution is clearly visible. The hardness ratio is defined as H/S, where H is the count rate in the 50-300 keV range and S is the count rate in the 15-50 keV range. The gray region is affected by a telemetry gap, so no meaningful hardness ratio could be computed. |
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
![]() |
Figure 8:
Position of two INTEGRAL GRBs on the |
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
![]() |
Figure 9: Contour plot of the QT model parameters applied to GRB 060901. The contours are at 68%, 90% and 99% confidence levels for two parameters of interest. |
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
![]() |
Figure 10:
Cut-off energy E0 as a function of the mean countrate (background subtracted, not renormalized) measured during each GRB. The error bars are at the 90% confidence level for a single parameter of interest. The dashed line is the mean cutoff energy
|
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
![]() |
Figure 11: Normalized integral distributions of fluences ( left) and peak fluxes ( right) for both ISGRI and BAT. |
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
![]() |
Figure 12: Light curves of INTEGRAL GRBs. |
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
![]() |
Figure 12: continued. |
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
![]() |
Figure 12: continued. |
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
![]() |
Figure 12: continued. |
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
![]() |
Figure 12: continued. |
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
![]() |
Figure 12: continued. |
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
![]() |
Figure 12: continued. |
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
![]() |
Figure 12: continued. |
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
![]() |
Figure 12: continued. |
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
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