Accurate transition and hyperfine data in Ag I from the multiconfiguration Dirac–Hartree–Fock and relativistic coupled-cluster methods

¹ Department of Materials Science and Applied Mathematics, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
² Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380009, India
³ Theoretical Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden

^★ Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Received: 30 December 2025
Accepted: 22 February 2026

Abstract

Context. Silver is a key tracer of the weak r-process in late-type stars. However, when the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium is relaxed, accurate abundance determinations become even more sensitive to complete sets of reliable transition data.

Aims. The aim of this work is to provide accurate and extensive results of excitation energies, radiative transitions, and hyperfine data for Ag I.

Methods. The multiconfiguration Dirac–Hartree–Fock (MCDHF) and relativistic coupled-cluster (RCC) methods were used in the present work. The quantitative and qualitative evaluation approach was applied to the MCDHF transition rates to estimate uncertainties using the terminology of the National Institute of Science and Technology Atomic Spectroscopic Database (NIST ASD).

Results. Excitation energies, transition data, and hyperfine structure constants were calculated for 18 states up to 4d¹⁰8s. Fifty-seven electric dipole (E1) transition rates and weighted oscillator strengths were computed, and their uncertainties were estimated to belong to the following NIST ASD classes: four in AA , 12 in A+, five in A, 13 in B+, six in B, and four in C+ with AA ≤ 1%, A+ ≤ 2%, A ≤ 3%, B+ ≤ 7%, B ≤ 10%, C+ ≤ 18%. The remaining transitions, mainly weak transitions involving the 4d⁹5s² states, were estimated to be in the E class >50%. The computed lifetimes from both the MCDHF and RCC methods are in good mutual agreement and mostly fall within the error bars of available experimental values from laser-induced fluorescence measurements. The 4d⁹5s^{2 2}D_5/2 metastable state, important for establishing the ionization balance, decay through an E2 transition to the ground state. The calculated lifetime is 163 ms. The computed hyperfine interaction constants from the MCDHF and RCC methods are in good agreement and compare well with the scattered experimental constants.