Characteristics of acoustic-wave heating in simulations of the quiet Sun chromosphere

¹ Rosseland Centre for Solar Physics, University of Oslo, PO Box 1029 Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
² Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, PO Box 1029 Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway

^⋆ Corresponding author.

Received: 15 November 2024
Accepted: 25 April 2025

Abstract

Understanding energy transfer through the chromosphere is paramount to solving the coronal heating problem. We investigated the energy dissipation of acoustic waves in the chromosphere of the quiet Sun using 3D radiative magnetohydrodynamic (rMHD) simulations. We analysed the characteristics of acoustic-wave heating and its dependence on height and magnetic field configuration. We find the typical heights where acoustic waves steepen into shocks and the frequencies and wavenumbers that most efficiently dissipate wave energy through this steepening. We combined a comprehensive large-scale analysis, spanning the entirety of the simulations for several solar hours, with a detailed view of an individual shock. We find that the flux of propagating acoustic waves correlates closely with viscous dissipation in the chromosphere above the temperature minimum. Acoustic waves with frequencies close to the acoustic cut-off frequency can efficiently heat the quiet Sun chromosphere at the plasma-β = 1 interface and play an important role in the chromospheric energy balance.