Letter to the Editor

The mass-metallicity relation at z ≳ 3 down to M_⋆≃ 10⁴ M_⊙

A local perspective using the metallicity distribution of RR Lyrae stars

INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/3, 40127 Bologna, Italy

^⋆ Corresponding author: michele.bellazzini@inaf.it

Received: 5 February 2025
Accepted: 14 May 2025

Abstract

The mass-metallicity relation (MZR) is a fundamental scale law of galaxies. It is observed to evolve with redshift in unresolved galaxies up to z > 6. However, observational constraints limits our view at such early epochs to galaxies with M_⋆ ≳ 10⁷ M_⊙. On the other hand, in the local Universe the MZR can be traced down to the faintest end of the galaxy luminosity function (M_⋆ ≃ 10² M_⊙) but we have access only to its present-day realization. We propose to use RR Lyrae stars to get the mean metallicity of local dwarf galaxies at the early epoch in which these variable stars were formed (z ≳ 3), opening a new window on the evolution of the MZR across cosmic times down to the lowest mass. We used available data for a sample of Milky Way satellites to show that the evolution of the MZR from the epoch of the formation of RR Lyrae to the present day can indeed be traced with this approach. Notably, the results are broadly compatible with those inferred from high-z galaxies from nebular emission lines. The limitations of the approach as well as possible ways to refine the analysis are also briefly discussed.